Recent Advancement of Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management

Abstract

Nanoparticles are small size particles having potential to work in large surface area. Size of nanoparticles vary from 1-100 nm. The composition of nano-formulation should break down quickly in the soil and sluggishly in plants with remnant levels under the regulatory standards in foodstuffs. The nanoparticle synthesis methods can be categorized into bottom-up or top-down method Physical- Ball milling, nanolithography, pulsed laser, electrochemical; Chemical- Vaccum deposition and vaporization, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol gel process, microwave, muffle furnace; Biological- Plants, microbes, chitosan, green chemistry. Microorganisms for nanoparticle production: Both unicellular and multicellular living entities create inorganic materials intra- and extracellularly. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms is a green and environmentally friendly method. Organic organisms, both unicellular and multicellular, create inorganic materials either intracellularly or extracellularly. In the hunt for novel materials, the capacity of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus to regulate the creation of metallic nanoparticles is used. Synthesis is carried out by microorganisms. Bacteria (Pseudomonas flourescens, Bacillus subtilis), fungus (Trichoderma harzianum), and yeast are all present (Saccharomyces cereviciae). Natural nanoparticles: Dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, and ferritin, among other things, are examples of natural nanoparticles or polymers. Carbon-based nanoparticles are those formed entirely of carbon. Aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), gold (Au), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), silver (Ag), and zinc are the most often used metals for nanoparticle union (Zn). It is also noticed that MgO and ZnO nanoparticles on fungus Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternate, Mucor plumbeus inhibite spore germination. The greatest dosage of nano-Mgo was shown to be the most efficient in suppressing spore germination, followed by nano-Zno. Nano formulation — any formulation that incorporates substances in the nm size range on purpose or claims unique characteristics related with this small size range. The goals of nanoformulation are largely like those of traditional pesticide formulations. Nanotechnology usually used for high firmness, detection, and diagnosis of pathogens and for their management.