Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

FIRE PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

Lakshmi Unnikrishnan, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K Nayak

Abstract


The current communication reviews the effect of layered silicate nanoclays on the flame retardancy of non-char forming polymers, with special emphasis to polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The effect of nanoreinforcement in the blend of PS and PMMA has also been reviewed. This article is a bird’s eye view on the efficacy of nanoclays in acting as a potential flame retardant. An attempt has also been made to investigate the actual mechanism behind the action of layered silicate in improving the flame retardancy of non-char forming polymers, through formation of a carbonaceous layer during combustion. However, after the survey, it was understood that more studies are required to validate the utilization of nanoclays as flame retardants.

Keywords


Nanocomposites, Combustion, Layered silicates, Non-charring polymers

Full Text:

PDF

References


Jordan, J.; Jacob, K.I.; Tannenbaum, R.; Sharaf, M.A.; Jasiuk, I. Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites - A review. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 393, 1-11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509304012328

Berta, M.; Lindsay, C.; Pans, G.; Camino, G. Effect of chemical structure on combustion and thermal behaviour of polyurethane elastomer layered silicate nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2006, 91, 1179-1191

http://libra.msra.cn/Publication/23405582/effect-of-chemical-structure-on-combustion-and-thermal-behaviour-of-polyurethane-elastomer-layered

Chi-Weh Chiu, Ting-Kai Huang, Ya-Chi Wang, Bryan G Alamani, Jiang-Jen Lin, Intercalation strategies in clay/polymer hybrids, Progress in Polymer Science, 39 (2014) 443-485 https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-63a0a758-c192-3f4b-b186-87bc84ac64a2

Michael Alexandre, Philippe Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials, Materials Science and Engineering, 28 (2000) 1-63 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/216090067_Polymer-layered_silicate_nanocomposites_Preparation_properties_and_uses_of_a_new_class_of_materials

Yang Y,Zhu ZK, Yin J, Wan XY, Qi ZE, Preparation and properties of hybrids of organo-soluble polyimide and montomorillonite with various chemical surface modification methods, Polymer, 1999, 40, 4407-14

Subramani S, Lee JY, Choi SW, Kim JH, Waterborne trifunctional silane-terminated polyurethane nanocomposites with silane-modified clay, Journal of Polymer Science B: Polymer Physics, 2007, 45, 2747-61

Ahmad, M.B.; Hoidy, W.H.; Ibrahim, N.A.B. & Al-Mulla, E.A.J. (2009), Modification of montmorillonite by new surfactants. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., Vol.4, No. 3, 184-188 http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/jeasci/2009/184-188.pdf

Ratinac KR, Gilbert RG, Ye L, Jones AS, Ringer SP. The effects of processing and organoclay properties on the structure of poly(methyl methacrylate)-clay nanocomposites. Polymer 2006;47: 6337–61 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032386106008184

Homminga D, Goderis B, Hoffman S, Reynaers H, Groeninckx G. Influence of shear flow on the preparation of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Polymer 2005;46: 9941–54

Nanocomposites: A new class of flame retardants for polymers, Plastics Additives & Compounding October 2002

P. Kiliaris, C.D. Papaspyrides, Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: An overview of flame retardancy, Progress in Polymer Science 35 (2010) 902–958 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670010000304

Hilado C. Flammability handbook for plastics. Lancaster, PA: Technomic, Publishing Company; 1998. p. 1–88

Dong Choo Lee and Lee Wook Jang, Preparation and characterization of PMMA–Clay hybrid composite by emulsion polymerization, J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 61 (1996) 1117 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-4628%2819960815%2961:7%3C1117::AID-APP7%3E3.0.CO;2-P/abstract

Chen Y, Wang Q, Yan W, Tang H. Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6 composite with melamine cyanurate nanoparticles in situ formed in extrusion process. Polym Degrad Stabil 2006;91,1–12

Lomakin SM, Haslam E. Ecological aspects of polymer flame retardancy (new concepts in polymer science). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers; 1999

Bourbigot S, Le Bras M. Fundamentals: flame retardant plastics. In: Troitzsch J, editor. Plastics flammability handbook: principles, regulation, testing and approval. Munich, Germany/Cincinnati, OH: Hanser Publishers/Hanser Gardner Publications Inc.; 2004. p. 134–48

J.W. Gilman, Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites, Appl. Clay Sci. 15 (1999) 31-49 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131799000198

F. Dietsche, R. MuÈlhaupt, Thermal properties and flammability of acrylic nanocomposites based upon organophilic layered silicates, Polym. Bull. 43 (1999) 395-402

J.W. Gilman, T. Kashiwagi, S. Lomakin, E.P. Giannelis, E. Manias, J.D. Lichtenhan, P. Jones, Nanocomposites: Radiative gasification and vinyl polymer flammability, in: Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials (FRPM'97), University of Lille, France, 24-26 September 1997, pp. 203-221

J.W. Gilman, T. Kashiwagi, J.E.T. Brown, S. Lomakin, Flammability studies of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites, SAMPE J. 43 (1998) 1053-1066 http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire98/PDF/f98173.pdf

Morgan AB, Harris RHJr, Kashiwagi T, Chyall LJ, Gilman JW. Fire Mater. 2002;26:247-253

Lewin M. Some comments on the modes of action of nanocomposites in the flame retardancy of polymers. Fire Mater 2003;27:1–7

Lewin M. Reflections on migration of clay and structural changes in nanocomposites. Polym Adv Technol 2006;17:758–63

Kashiwagi T, Harris Jr RH, Zhang X, Briber RM, Cipriano BH, Ragharan SR, et al. Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6-clay nanocomposites. Polymer 2004;45:881–91

Ma H, Tong L, Xu Z, Fang Z. Clay network in ABS-graft-MAH nanocomposites: Rheology and Flammability. Polym Degrad Stabil 2007;92:1439–45

Morgan AB, Kashiwagi T, Harris RH, Campbell JR, Shibayama K, Iwasa K, Gilman JW, Fire and Polymers ed. Nelson GL, and Wilkie CA, 2001, ACS Sym. Series 797:9-23

R. A. Vaia, H. Ishii and E. P . Giannelis, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 1694

Zanetti, M., Kashiwagi, T., Falqui, L. & Camino, G. Cone calorimeter combustion and gasification studies of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 14, 881–887 (2002)

Dong Choo Lee and Lee Wook Jang, J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 61 (1996) 1117

Su, S.P.; Wilkie, C.A. The thermal degradation of nanocomposites that contain an oligomeric ammonium cation on the clay. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2004, 83, 347-362

P . Kelly, A. Akelah, S. Qutubuddin, J. Mater. Sci. 29 (1994) 2274

Dennis Price, Kelly Pyrah, T.Richard Hull, G.John Milnes, John R Ebdon, Barry J Hunt, Paul Joseph, Flame retardance of poly(methyl methacrylate) modified with phosphorus-containing compounds, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 77(2), 2002, 227–233

Kashiwagi T, et al. Thermal and flammability properties of a silica-poly(methylmethacrylate) nanocomposite J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 89, 2072-2078 (2003)

Nanocomposites in context, Erik T. Thostenson, Chunyu Li, Tsu-Wei Chou, Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 491–516

Takashi Kashiwagi, Fangming Du, Jack F. Douglas, Karen I. Winey, Richard H. Harris Jr, John R. Shields, Nanoparticle Networks Reduce the Flammability of Polymer Nanocomposites, Departmental Papers (MSE), Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania (2005)

Xie W., Hwu J.M., Jiasng G.J., Buthelezi T.M. and Pan W., “A study of the effect of surfactants on the properties of polystyrene-montmorilllonite nanocomposites”, UPolymer Engineering and ScienceU, vol.43, 214-222, 2003

Zhang J., and Wilkie C.A., “A carbocation substituted clay and its styrene nanocomposite”, UPolymer Degradation and StabilityU, vol.83, 301-307, 2004

Zhang W.A., Chen D.Z., Xu H.Y., Shen X.F., and Fang Y.E., “Influence of four different types of organophilic clay on the morphology and thermal properties of polystyrene/clay nanocomposites prepared by the γ-ray radiation technique”, UEuropean Polymer JournalU, vol.39, 2323-2328, 2003

Ohlemiller T.J, Shields J.R, Aspects of the fire behavior of thermoplastic materials, NIST Technical Note 1493, 2008, p. 158

P. Kiliaris, C.D. Papaspyrides, Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: An overview of flame retardancy, Progress in Polymer Science 35 (2010) 902–958

Zanetti M. Flammability and thermal stability of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. In: Mai YW, Yu ZZ, editors. Polymer nanocomposites. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2006. p. 256–72

Leszczynska A, Njuguna J, Pielichowski K, Banerjee JR. Polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites with improved thermal properties. Part I. Factors influencing thermal stability and mechanisms of thermal stability improvement. Thermochim Acta 2007;453:75–96

Jang BN, Costache M, Wilkie CA. The relationship between thermal degradation behavior of polymer and the fire retardancy of polymer/clay nanocomposites, Polymer 2005;46:10678–87

Van Krevelen DW. Some basic aspects of flame resistance of polymeric materials Polymer 1979;16:615–20

Palumbo, E., Kryszewski, M., "Polymer Blends" Processing,Morphology,  Properties", Plenum Press, New York and London (1992)

Joel, R. F., ''Polymer Science & Technology'', Prentice-Hall, Inc, 2ndEd, (2005)

Utracki, L.A., "Polymer Alloy Blends" Oxford University Press,NewYork, 1977

Guo, Q., Zhong, Z., Zheng, S., Yang ,K., ''Miscibility, Phase Behavior, and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Blends of Poly (vinyl chloride)/Polystyrene/Chlorinated Polyethylene -graft- Polystyrene'', Vol. 69, "Journal of Applied Polymer Science", John Wiley & Sons Inc (1998), PP.(995-1003)

Subrah, M. Golok, B.N, Vijayn K., Ncelakanthan N.R., "Mechanical  Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Miscible Blends of Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Poly (ethylene-CO-acrylic acid)", Vol.37, No.24"J of Polymer "(1996), pp. (5387-5394)

Leszek, A, "Polymer Alloys & Blends Thermodynamics and Rhelogy", Hanser publisher S. New York (1989)

Chakrabarti, R., Das, M. and Chakraborty, D., Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of PVC/PMMA Blends in Relation to Their Morphologies, J. App. Polym. Sci., 2004, 93, 2721–2730

Shabbir, S., Zulfiqar, S., Lieberwirth, I., Kausar, A. and Sarwar, M.I., Compatibilizing effect of functionalized polystyrene blends: A study of morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties, Surf.Interface Anal., 2008, 40, 906–913

Naidu,B.V,Mallikarjuna,N.NAminabhavi,T.M,"Blend Compatibility Studies of Polystyrene/Poly(methylmethacrylate) Polystyrene/Styrene- Acrylonitrile by Densitometry ,Viscometer ,Refractometry ,Ultraviolet Absorbance, Fluorescence Techniques at 30C", Vol.94,"Journal of Applied Polymer Science",(2004),pp.(2548-2550)

P Ramya, D Meghala, T Pasang, J M Raj, C Ranganathaiah and J F Williams, Interface profile studies in immiscible and partially miscible binary polymer blends from free volume measurement, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 443 (2013) 012048

Kim SD, Suwanmala P, Klein A, Sperling LH, J. Matter Sci., 2001, 36(11): 287-2893

G. Beyer, Nanocomposites offer new way forward for flame retardants. Plastics Additives and Compounding, 7 (2005) 32–5

S. Pavlidou and C. D. Papaspyrides, A review on polymer–layered silicate nanocomposites, Progress in Polymer Science, 33 (2008), 1119–98

M. F. Brigatti, E. Galan, B. K. G. Theng, G. Lagaly, M. Ogawa, and I. D´ekany. In Handbook of Clay Science, ed. F. Bergaya, B. K. G. Theng, and G. Lagaly (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006), pp. 19–87

G. Ori, Experimental and computational approaches towards functional glass- and clay based materials. Ph.D. thesis, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 2009

S. Sinha Ray and M. Bousmina, Compatibilization efficiency of organoclay in an immiscible polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 26 (2005), 450–55

S. Sinha Ray and M. Bousmina, Effect of organic modification on the compatibilization efficiency of clay in an immiscible polymer blend. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 26 (2005), 1639–46

M. H. Lee, C. H. Dan, J. H. Kim, J. Cha, S. Kim, Y. Hwang, and C. H. Lee, Effect of clay on the morphology and properties of PMMA/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing. Polymer, 47 (2006), 4359–69

T. Gcwabaza, S. Sinha Ray, W. W. Focke, and A. Maity, Morphology and properties of nanostructured materials based on polypropylene/poly(butylene succinate) blend and organoclay. European Polymer Journal, 45 (2009), 353–67

S. Park, T. Kashiwagi, D. Stemp, J. Koo, M. Si, J. C. Sokolov, and M. H. Rafailovich, Segregation of carbon nanotubes/organoclays rendering polymer blends self-extinguishing. Macromolecules, 42 (2009), 6698–709

S. Park, M. Si, J. Koo, J. C. Sokolov, T. Koga, T. Kashiwagi, and M. H. Rafailovich, Mode-of-action of self-extinguishing polymer blends containing organoclays. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94 (2009), 306–26


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.