International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices
International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices (IJCMM) ISSN: 2582-435X Click here for complete Editorial Board AIM AND SCOPE International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices: is a journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers in all areas concerning in elastic–plastic properties, Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage, impact damage, fracture repair techniques, modeling and numerical simulation which are covered under the domain Chemical Engineering. It's a biannual journal, started in 2015. Journal DOI No: 10.37628/IJCMM Focus and Scope Cover Elastic instability Gross plastic deformation Tensile instability Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction Low and high cycle fatigue damage Brittle/elastic damage Ductile/plastic damage Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage Impact damage Modelling and numerical simulation Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics Crack incubation and propagation Crack and fracture repair Techniques Damage Tolerance and fracture Control Readership: Graduate, Postgraduate, Research Scholar, Faculties, Institutions. Indexing: The Journal is index in <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Google Scholar, Advanced Science Index, Publons"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":11133,"3":{"1":0},"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":0},"16":12}">Google Scholar, Advanced Science Index, Publons. Submission of Paper: All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Manuscripts are invited from academicians, students, research scholars and faculties for publication consideration. Papers are accepted for editorial consideration through email chemical@stmjournals.com Subject: Composite Materials and Matrices Plagiarism: All the articles will be check through Plagiarism Software before publication. Abbreviation: IJCMM Frequency: Two issues per year Peer Reviewed Policy Editorial Board Instructions to Authors
Characterization of the Impact Strength in Cryogenic Treatment of TIG Welded Nickel-based Superalloy
The TIG welding of the IN617 heat and oxidation resistant has been precisely controlled through welding parameters, while γ'-Ni3(Al, Ti) phases predominantly controlled solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening and carbides in γ matrix, as well as γ' precipitate’s shearing mechanism is prominent to enhance strength of superalloys. The high hardness has been preserved owing to strengthening major elements such as Cr, Co, and Mo etc., and the well coherency maintain between coarse carbides (M23C6), γ' phases and the γ matrix. The CVN impact test was carried out at different ranges from -100℃ to -196℃ with variable dipping times in controlled cryogenic chamber and subsequently at room temperature. The impact strength is interestingly obtained at room temperature of 1.81 J/mm2 and at cryogenic treatment of 1.13 J/mm2 as AW condition. The rapid hardening effects and inherent segregation mechanism of coarse carbides on the grain boundaries are significantly declined impact toughness in cryogenic treatment with varying dipping time. The mechanical properties of TIG welded superalloy are obtained likely to UTS of 391.66 MPa, YS of 347.66 MPa, ductility of 8.94%, RA of 7.90%, and YS/UTS ratio of 0.89, and measured 247.5±10.6HV in RZ after PWHT at 500°C for 4h, and also ultimate heat input energy 9.12 kJ/mm (η~70%) of similar butt-welded joint. Microstructural studies and several characterizations have been also examined meticulously to investigate and correlate the structural changes of mechanical properties and SEM fractography analysis in cryogenic treatment alloy.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices
Mechanical Characteristics of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Hybrid Fibers: Fabrication and Evaluation
The goal of current research is to replace synthetic materials with natural, biodegradable, and renewable ones. A lot of study is being done on natural fiber composites because of its unique properties and environmental friendliness. Natural fibers are advantageous since they are easily accessible, manageable, and biodegradable. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the changes in the mechanical properties of polypropylene reinforced with chopped pineapple leaf and okra fiber. Additionally, the influence of the fiber's ratio, content, and chemical processing on its mechanical properties was examined. There are numerous sources of fiber in Bangladesh, including the fiber in okra and pineapple leaves. Chemically, okra fiber and pineapple leaf were both treated with 5% sodium hydroxide. Random and discontinuous pineapple leaf and okra fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites were produced using compression molding. The ratio of okra fibers to pineapple leaf fibers ranged from 4:1 to 1:1 to 1:4. The percentages of fiber loading were 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The best set of mechanical properties were attained when polypropylene was reinforced with 5 wt% pineapple leaf and okra fiber at a ratio of 4:1. On the other hand, fiber reinforced composites that had been treated with sodium hydroxide treatment outperformed untreated composites in terms of their mechanical properties.
Demonstration of Adsorbent Morphology of Different Particle Size for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Treatment in Packed Bed
The choice of plantain stem, banana stem and palm oil fibre prepared for treatment of water medium polluted with petroleum hydrocarbon was monitored in a packed bed unit. The raw materials (plantain and banana stem as well as palm oil fibre) were room and sun dried and processed to obtained different particle size of 50, 150 µm and 200 µm. The raw material after processed was used as an adsorbent and the element in weight percent of each adsorbent was examine as demonstrated in this research. The morphology data of banana of room- dried and element weight percent is given as oxygen (22.2%), carbon (5.0%), sulphur (6.1%), silicon (45.4%), calcium (10.4%), magnesium (2.4%), iron (1.6%), sodium (2.7) and potassium (1.2%) whereas sun dried revealed carbon (20.24%), oxygen (25.30%), iron (1.2%), suphur (2.80%), potassium (2.15%), silicon (42.10%), calcium (1.83%), magnesium (1.24%) and sodium (3.10%). The plantain sun dried revealed calcium (5.0%), magnesium (3.0%), oxygen (16.0%), carbon (11.5%), silicon (48.0%), iron (10.3%), sodium (1.2%), potassium (1.0%) and sulphur (6.0%) whereas room dried demonstrates values of calcium (4.3%), magnesium (4.0%), oxygen (15.0%), carbon (8.5%), silicon (47.0%), iron (11.0%), potassium (3.0%), sodium (2.2%) and sulphur (5.0%). The composition and the morphology of the palm oil fibre was also examined and the obtained result demonstrates the following results of potassium (6.0%), oxygen (20.1%), silicon (48.0%), iron (3.0%), sulphur (8.0%), aluminum (12.6%) and calcium (2.30%) for room dried sample whereas for sun dried we have silicon (63.16%), magnesium (3.85%), calcium (4.70%), aluminum (5.90%), potassium (9.79%), sulpur (3.62%) and oxygen (8.9%). The medium in which the samples were prepared thoroughly influence the morphology and the composition of the adsorbent prepared for treatment of water medium contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon.
Sorption of Pb (II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) by synthesized nanocrystalline sodium potassium flurophlogopite (FGP)
We have successfully synthesized nanocrystalline sodium potassium fluorophlogopite (FGP) crystals with controlled sizes from ≈ 25 nm to 100nm, using an organic tetrapropylammonium (TPA) hydroxide. We have been successfully synthesized material depends on the source of silicate and hydrothermal crystallization conditions. The synthesized materials were characterized by using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Energy Dispersive Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscopy and FTIR analysis. The use of sodium potassium fluorophlogopite materials for the environment protection is stimulated by good physico-chemical properties, e.g. selective sorption, by nontoxic nature, availability and low cost. Present work encompasses sorption of heavy metals viz; Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) on to synthesized sodium potassium fluorophlogopite (FGP). The sorption experiments were 2 performed under batch process with contact time, effect of pH, amount of sorbent, metal ion concentration and temperature variables (35-55 o C). Time of equilibration was found to be 12 h is sufficient for the saturation. Sorption was found to be pH dependent. The MINTEQA-2 software (1.60 versions) has been used for the aqueous speciation of metal ions. Speciation data showed the presence of different species at different pH.
Thermogravimetic Study Of Chrysodine Dye Type Bridge Containing Bis (8-quinolinol)s Ligands and Their Coordination Polymers
Our thermogravimetric analysis state that the degradation in chrysodine dye type bridge containing bis (8-quinolinol)s metal coordination polymers was initiated at almost the same temperature near about 25-500 C(T0). The remarkable difference is observed in the mode of thermal degradation of the parent ligand and its coordination polymer. The unchelated bis(8-quinolinol) ligand and coordination polymers begin to decompose almost at the same temperature but in the polymer chelates this decomposition propagated very fast compared to that in its parent ligand. The mode of thermal degradation in all of the coordination polymers is found to be similar. However, the rate of thermal decomposition in each of the samples is remarkably different indicating that the thermal degradation is dependent on the efficiency of a central metal atom to act as a catalyst in the thermal decomposition. Comparison of TG data of coordination polymers has shown that a series of coordination polymers of bis(8-quinolinol)s ligand CP-1 are thermally most stable. The coordination polymers of six bis(8-quinolinol)s ligands have indicated that the Cu-coordinated polymers of these bis(8-quinolinol)s ligands have the least thermal stability. However, the order of thermal stability among the coordination polymers in each series of bis(8-quinolinol)s ligands is different indicating the structure of the aliphatic bridge.
Synthesis of Bromobutyl Rubber: Effect of Reaction Temperature and Time on Bromobutyl Rubber Microstructure
Butyl rubber is prepared by cationic polymerization process either by solution or slurry phase by randomly copolymerizing isobutylene with small amount of isoprene (1-3 mol %). It has good air impermeability and oxidative stability and thus finds extensive use in inner tube applications. The presence of unsaturation in the form of isoprene units in butyl rubber provides a means of enhancing useful properties of this important commodity elastomer by incorporation of reactive functionality such as bromine by post-polymerization chemical modification of butyl rubber. There is a need of butyl rubber with ionic pendants which will impart compatibility of these elastomers with various other non-carbon black fillers for applications requiring higher mechanical properties and impermeability. Effect of reaction temperature and time as well as effect of controlled addition of bromine on bromobutyl rubber microstructure is studied in detail. Controlled addition of bromine shows 75-87% endo isomer which is similar to fast addition of bromine to butyl rubber. Further, microstructure of product bromobutyl rubber is seen to be independent of reaction temperature (55-62 ℃) and reaction time (1-4 min). Effect of mixture of hexane and water on microstructure properties of bromobutyl rubber was also studied in detail.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices
Elasticity's Double-Edged Sword: Navigating Instability in Materials
The phenomena of elastic instability, which is frequently seen as a restriction, presents both difficulties and unrealized possibilities for materials research and engineering. This explores the complex interactions between elasticity and instability in different materials, exposing the dual nature of this phenomena as both a constraint and an opportunity. This article illustrates the delicate balance between upholding structural integrity and utilizing instability for cutting-edge applications by addressing the fundamental ideas underpinning elastic instability. Researchers and engineers can benefit from elasticity’s two-edged sword by combining ideas from mechanics, materials science, and engineering design. Harnessing the force of elastic instability holds the prospect of revolutionizing industries, reshaping the built environment, and inspiring fresh approaches to venerable engineering puzzles.
Flexural Properties of Vetiver Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene Composite are Affected by Processing Parameters
Fiber reinforced polymer composites have long been influential in a variety of applications due to their great particular strength and modulus. Vetiver fiber (VF)/thermoplastic composites are an alternative material for solving the environmental pollution problem related to synthetic polymers. The benefits of natural fibers (such as coir, jute, vetiver, calotropis gigantea, flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.) over traditional reinforcing fibers (glass and carbon fiber) are their easy obtainability, renewability, non-corrosive nature, light density, biodegradability, high specific energy (strength of density ratio) and low cost. VF length control has been proposed as a low cost and environmentally friendly alternative to expensive chemical treatment of VF in polymer composites. In the present study, VF reinforced low-density polythene (LDPE) composites were modified using film process stacking method using hot press compression molding technique through various process parameters, such as VF condition (untreated and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment), VF sizes (short VF  2 cm, and long VF  2 cm) and VF percent (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%). The effects of VF size, VF content and SDS treatment on the LDPE composite were examined on the flexural modulus and modulus efficiency factor. The results confirmed that VF content up to 20 wt%, processing temperature up to 155ºC and SDS treatment during processing up to 5 hours enhanced a certain amount of flexural modulus and modulus efficiency factor due to an increase in load bearing and interfacial adherence. It is clear that long VF load transfers have played a positive role; improving flexural modulus and its efficiency factor due to efficient load transfer. Due to the VFs' brittle behavior, flexibility was reduced
Combine Effect of Dry and Decomposed Raffia Palm in the Bioremediation of Oil-based Drill Cutting
This study determines the effect of dry substrate and decomposed raffia palm for degradation of oil- based drill cuttings bioremediation. The remediation process was effectuated using dry and decomposed raffia palm. The experiment was carried out at the research Centre located at Agricultural and Environmental Engineering departmental workshop in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Samples of oil-based drill cuttings were bulked in eleven reactors with four replications (T1, T2, T3-T11). The following physiochemical properties: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TPH, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene BTEX of the initial drill cuttings, oil-based drill cuttings of dry substrate and that of the decomposed were analyzed in the laboratory before and after treatments. TPH, BTEX and PAH were observed to have reduced drastically in all treatment options at the end of 16 weeks of remediation. The percentage reduction for the selected parameters ranged from to 40 to 86% in all the treatment options for the period of 16 weeks. Results also exhibited high coefficient of determinations of (R2) between the range of 0.9274 to 0.9992 in all the treatment options. The results as attained using the analysis of variants ANOVA showed a significant difference at 95% and highly significant at 99% confidence level. Similarly, the results were collaborated by coefficient of variation which percentages were quite low. This confirmed that the experimental error was very low and reliable. Models were formulated for the degradation of the TPH, BTEX and PAH. The results of the experimental test were plotted against the period to obtain the constant (β) in the predicted models. The models show good agreement between experimental data and the predicted data. The model adapted was the simple nonlinear regression and it was validated using the root mean square (RMSE) and graphical comparison. Results displayed high coefficient of determination R2 and low RMSE. This further illustrated the ability of the model (simple nonlinear regression) to predict degradation rate of TPH, PAH and BTEX in oil-based drill cuttings bioremediation treated with dry filtrate and decomposed respectively.
Effect of Coupling Agent on Organoclay Dispersion in Polyethylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites for Packaging Industry
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the most widely used polymers in various fields, but due to the hydrophobic nature of LDPE, it is hard to prepare an LDPE/clay nanocomposite. In this article, an LDPE/organoclay nanocomposite, which can be used in the packaging industry, was prepared by melt-blending organoclay with a polymer matrix (LDPE) and compatibilizer, low molecular weight oxidized polyethylene. The influences of organoclay, and compatibilizer during melt mixing method on the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and fire-retardant features of ternary nanocomposite specimens based on LDPE were investigated. Morphology, mechanical, thermal, and fire-retardant features were examined and inveterate by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and combustible tests, respectively. TEM photomicrographs inveterate that the compatibilized had intercalated layers of organoclay. Maximum rise in basal spacing was observed for ternary nanocomposites with interlayer spacing of 37.3A˚ in LDPE/5 wt% C20A/15 wt% oxidized polyethylene nanocomposites. Static mechanical tests have shown that the addition of organoclay in LDPE has considerably enhanced tensile strength and tensile modulus with less elongation at break than base polymer LDPE. The addition of oxidized polythene to LDPE/organoclay increases the tensile properties of the nanocomposite. The enhancement for LDPE was 55% for tensile strength and 68% for tensile modulus. However, the addition of organoclay and compatibilizer to the PP matrix significantly improved the crystallization/melting behavior of the samples and the crystallinity of the nanocomposite improved with increasing compatibilizer content. Significant enhancements in fire retardant features have been identified for ternary nanocomposites. Keywords : Low-density polyethylene, compatibilizer, organoclay, mechanical properties, fire retardant features
Mesomorphic Study of Achiral Hockey Stick- shaped Imine Linked Thiadiazole Compounds
Achiral hockey stick-shaped molecules are a new extended set for calamitic rod-like liquid crystals,thiadiazole with Incorporation of a nitrogen linkage to the basic structures of a compound will acquaint another new property called photochromism along with liquid crystal because of the photo-isomerization of the -C=N linkage. Now, assuming such compounds also show the liquid crystalline property, then they will become multi-functional due to their photochromic property which might be taken advantage of for applications. Accordingly, in the present study, the point is to research hockey stick-molded compounds by incorporating carbon and nitrogen linkages. Indeed, even a little change, for example, changing/switching a linkage group in bowed center compounds might influence the mesomorphic properties to a larger extent. These compounds exhibit only unidentified mesophases SmX3 and cholesteric phases. The POM and XRD results indicate that confirmed the Sm mesophase These compounds' reversible photo-switching behavior was demonstrated in the early tests, which is helpful for future applications.
The Potential Application of Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber Composites
It was evaluated whether walnut shells should be used as filler in composites made of natural rubber. Samples of walnut shells were ground to fine powders, sieved through a 75 μm mesh, and were used in compounding natural rubber using varying filler loading of unfilled, 20 hpr, 30 hpr, 40 hpr, and 50 hpr. The physicochemical analysis results of the walnut shell powder were 5.30, 10.10%, 2.50%, 43.70%, 49.70 mg/g, and 50.75 g/100 g for pH, moisture content, ash content loss of ignition and iodine adsorption number respectively. While the values obtained for the carbon black were 6.30, 2.89%, 6.35%, 92.90%, 79.88 mg/g, and 54.0 g/100 g for pH, moisture content, ash content loss of ignition and iodine adsorption number respectively. These properties include tensile strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, and compression set. The result shows that walnut shell-filled composite has a high reinforcement at filler loading of 30-40 phr and at a certain higher level it only acts as a diluent. In addition, the walnut shell is grouped as a semi-reinforcing filler having an absorption number of 49.70 mg/g which is about half the value of carbon black.
Development of Fly Ash Bricks Using Alccofine as Partial Replacement of Cement
With the growing technology in bricks industry and urbanization there is lot of requirements of raw material. Due to the limited availability of non-renewable resources, it is imperative to use additional waste materials when producing bricks in order to protect these resources. To combat the problem of environmental contamination, waste materials like fly ash, silica fume, and blast furnace slag can be utilised in place of clay. So using fly ash in making bricks, we can preserve the clay which is extensively used in clay brick industry. The primary goal of this research is to create fly ash bricks with increased strength properties compared to conventional fly ash bricks utilising alccofine as a partial replacement for cement. These bricks with improved strength characteristics can be used in high rise building, high load bearing wall, industrial structure, irrigation structure etc. the main object of this research is to determine the optimum mix ratio of fly ash bricks using alccofine as partial replacement of cement with improved strength characteristics and to have less weight brick and to have less permeability. The introduction of a new generation substance, “ALCCOFINE-1203”, is the subject of this study. M4 mix also gives the lower avg. water absorption value of 4.75% and efflorescence was slighter. M9 mix gives the avg. water absorption value of 5.01% and efflorescence was also slighter. These bricks have greater strength qualities and highly helpful in decreasing the dead weight of the structure because they weigh less than traditional bricks used in brick masonry. The amount of water seeping through this brick is significantly decreased due to lower water penetration
Production of Paint Using Locally Sourced Materials
In this research work, a prototype mixer was fabricated particularly for the purpose of this research in which paint production was carried out. For the processing, two formulations were used with the same composition but differs in extender pigment. Calcium carbonate was considered and used as an extender pigment which gives white coloured paint with titanium oxide as prime pigment. This was due to the colour of the periwinkle shell which was used at the time of the preparation. However, bleached periwinkle shell was considered using JIK which fails to give desired colour as dove gray coloured paint was produced instead. Hence, paint production can be carried out with calcium carbonate periwinkle shell as extender pigments with calcium carbonate preferable periwinkle shell in terms of the availability, cost of production and the desired end-colour.
Recent Progress of Post-reactor and Reactor-made Polypropylene-based Thermoplastic Elastomers
The global market for thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is growing rapidly owing to the rising demand from the packaging, automotive, healthcare, construction, electrical, electronics and other sectors. Significant progress has been made in the last few decades in the development of different TPE. Polypropylene being low-cost, corrosion resistance, better mechanical properties and readilyavailable, has attracted several researchers to develop polypropylene based thermoplastic elastomers (PP-TPE). This review focuses on recent advancements in PP-TPE products, which include high impact PP, heterophasic PP, thermoplastic-elastomer blends and functionalized PP. Furthermore, processes for preparing these polymers, ranging from the post-reactor blending of polyolefin to the reactor (insitu) granule technology (RGT) and the emerging energy- saving dual reactor process using hybrid catalyst, are also explained. The review also covers reactor-made PP-TPE alloys which can be used as an alternative to advanced engineering thermoplastics (ETP) for various applications. StructureProperty-Performance correlation for various PP-TPE, produced from different co-monomers, elastomers and functional groups using advanced analytical tools is also elaborated. In view of overcoming the limitations of post-reactor blended polymers, scientists and researchers are continuously investigating new catalysts and processes to develop reactor-based PP-TPE. This review will benefit the scientific community to bring more strategies for the development of innovative polypropylene-based elastomeric products
Analyzing the Effect of Rice Husk Ash & Quartz Powder on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Based Concrete Using Regression Analysis
Several works were identified with sustainable development have uplifted the improvement of composite binders incorporating Portland cement, industrial, agricultural by- products and partial substitutions to aggregates. One of the most adverse effects of using cement is the emission of CO2 into atmosphere during production and it can be reduced with the effective use of cementitious materials. Several efforts were attempted to make use of supplementary cementitious materials to enhance the behavior of concreter. Rice husk ash, Flyash GGBS, silica fume is such materials. The focus of this project is to analyze the effect of Rice husk ash, Quartz powder and polypropylene fibers on mechanical properties of M35 grade concrete. Rice husk ash is a byproduct of agricultural waste and highly amorphous form of silica. Quartz powder is generally composed of silicon dioxide. Initially the optimum percentage of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete examined and it found 0.9% gave the maximum values of strength and used constantly in rest of the work. The percentage of rice husk ash and quartz powder started at 0% and 25% with constant 0.9% of polypropylene fibers, with slight increment of rice husk ash by 2.5% and at the same time decrement of quartz powder by 2.5% up to 25%rice husk ash and 0% quartz powder. Incorporating these pozzolonic materials resulted lower workability results and growth of water demand. From the results it was identified that 10%rice husk ash, 15% quartz powder and 0.9% polypropylene fibers were optimum levels in terms of mechanical properties of concrete. Regression analysis is used for establishing the linear relationships between the proportions of materials and strength of concrete. The developed relationships with various inputs can used to predict the strength of concrete based on the results of analysis.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices
Kinetic Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Simultaneous Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Onto Organomontmorillonite in Aqueous Medium
Water is a vital source of human life, but it has frequently been polluted by mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, usually from petrochemicals in petroleum industrial effluents as well as other anthropogenic activities. This study investigate the potential of montmorillonite intercalated HDTMA and TMPA cations for effective removal of five (5) different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) namely: naphthalene, anthracene, chrysene,benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i) perylene in aqueous medium. To research PAH adsorption behaviour onto the organomontmorillonite, adsorption factors such as influence of contact hours, initial PAHs concentration, and temperature were used. Ab initio, Organomontmorillonite has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Utilizing three kinetic models, the mechanism of the adsorption process was evaluatedfv. Result from the adsorption studies confirmed 180 minutes equilibrium contact time for maximum PAH uptake by organomontmorillonites. Highest R2 values obtained for pseudo second order kinetic model among other kinetic models, as well as correlated analyzed Error function (ERRSQ) confirmed pseudo second order kinetic model as best fit to kinetic data. Thermodynamic investigation of the adoption process revealed that the process of PAH adsorption onto the organomontmorillonite were feasible and endothermic, with the negative values of entropy change for naphthalene, anthracene and chrysene; and also positive values of entropy change for Benzo (a) pyrene and Benzo (g,h,i) perylene adsorption onto the organoclays implying decrease and increase degree of randomness during the process of adsorption respectively.
Useful Medicinal Operative: Innovative Formulation of Zoloft
A highly effective antidepressant is active metabolite hydrochloride. Zoloft is one of those drugs with one or even more asymmetrical centres where the biological effects of the isomers vary significantly from one another. Depression, dependence, and other anxiety-related illnesses are all treated with sertraline hydrochloride, which selectively blocks serotonine reuptake. The preferred configurations should typically be created as early as feasible in the biosynthesis of sertraline, which has two asymmetric centres, to reduce the loss caused by the undesirable isomer. The physiologically active 1S, 4S-enantiomer of sertraline must be produced with great optical purity since it is one of those medicinal agents with one or more asymmetric centres in which the isomers exhibit substantial change in their biological activity. It is made a straightforward reaction using reagents that are acceptable in terms of safety and environmental impact from the equivalent tetralone in a high return. Because of the stereoselective nature of its reduction to the necessary cis-racemic amine, sertraline hydrochloride has the required purity for medicinal components. In addition to treating severe cases of premenstrual syndrome, sertraline can also be used to treat mental illness, severe anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social anxiety disorder (social phobia) (premenstrual dysphoric disorder). Your mood, sleep, appetite, and energy levels may all be enhanced by this medicine, which may also help you regain interest in regular activities. It might reduce panic attacks as well as fear, anxiety, and unfavourable thoughts. Additionally, it might lessen the need to engage in repetitive behaviours that interfere with day-to-day functioning (compulsions include hand washing, counting, and checking). Selected serotonin reuptake inhibitor is the name given to sertraline (SSRI). It functions by assisting in the brain's natural chemical, serotonin, to return to equilibrium.
A Model for Plastic-Hydrolytic Damage Bioresorbable Polymer Composites
This paper explains and assesses a recently developed constitutive model for elastic-damage that may sustain plastic-hydrolytic damage. When a metallic material is subjected to plastic strain, voids and microcracks in the metal matrix start to form, develop, and merge. This is what causes ductility degradation in metals. Only a few of the many models that have been presented to depict ductile failure have done a thorough analysis of the entire damage buildup process, instead focusing on the ultimate failure circumstances. The purpose of this study is to review experimental methods created by several authors to quantify the buildup of ductility degradation under tensile forces. This phenomenology model, which supports finite kinematics, is based on variational constitutive updates, and has a coherent thermodynamics foundation. The connection between mechanical and chemical events is the main topic of our attention. It is demonstrated that the updating algorithm has a straightforward operational structure despite the complexity of the processes involved. Engineering materials can degrade physically and/or chemically to varying degrees, so it is important to prevent or at least predict these processes in order to estimate how long components and products will last. The use of environmentally benign biodegradable materials or bioabsorbable medical applications, however, may necessitate controlled disintegration. The focus of this work is specifically on bioabsorbable materials that have been used to create medical devices such as scaffolds, stents, screws, suture anchors, and screws used in cardiovascular and trauma operations. The model's ability to accurately depict the combination of things of elastoplastic flow, mechanical injury, and chemical damage is shown by a few examples. The potential application of this constitutive formulation in the design of novel goods comprised of bioabsorbable materials is further highlighted by a three-dimensional finite element simulation of a stent-like frame.
Mercerization and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Composite: A Comprehensive Review
Growing public concern about environmental issues has prompted the production of renewable, economical, and ecologically friendly materials. Thus a shift from synthetic fiber reinforced composites to natural fiber reinforced composites can be seen. Since Fibre reinforcement is deciding factors in the Structural properties of any engineered composite. But poor interfacial adhesion of fibre matrix obstruct it's potential while using in structural applications. Different studies suggested that the surface modification techniques like alkali treatment, silane treatment, seawater treatment, pre impregnation could improve the interfacial bonding which in turn help in improving mechanical properties of the composite. This article discusses different research work which entails the alkali treatment as a surface modification technique for improving mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced composite. Values of tensile strength and flexural strength of different fiber/matrix combinations at different NaOH concentrations have been compared. Bamboo/Polyester composites showed highest tensile strength in the selected research works. Also It envisaged that mercerisation affects significantly the mechanical properties but not for all alkali concentations. By comparing researches done in the respective field, it provides an overall picture of the effect of alkali treatment. According to which mercerisation is effective if used in proper proportion for improving mechanical properties of the natural fibre reinforced composite. Also the optimum value of alkaline concentration varies with fiber type and and matrix type. It will certainly guide others researchers working in the field of natural fibre reinforced composite (NFRC) and certainly open up new path in the direction of biodegradable polymer composite with good mechanical strength.
Effects of Coupling Agent and Nanoclay on the Mechanical, Morphological and Dimensional Stability of Natural Fiber/Polypropylene Composites
Polymer nanocomposite is made up of polymer as a matrix ingredient and reinforcement ingredient as a filler in the form of nanometer particles. These ingredients have dissimilar physical and chemical features and are mixed to generate sole features of nanocomposites. Polypropylene (PP) was nominated as the polymer matrix ingredient. Reinforcement ingredients used include organically modified montmorillonite with natural fiber. Various composites based on polypropylene, natural fiber, and organically modified montmorillonite were manufactured by melt mixing method followed by injection molded in the presence and absence of coupling agents. The emphasis of this research is to assess the effects of chemical treatments (polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride and styrene ethylene-co-butylene styrene block copolymer grafted maleic anhydride) and the organically modified montmorillonite with natural fibers on the mechanical features, morphological, and dimensional stability of natural fiber- plastic composites made from PP. Adding polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride to natural fiber increased the tensile strength and impact strength of the natural fiber-plastic composite; but the tensile modulus stayed basically unchanged. On the contrary, the influence of styrene ethylene-co-butylene styrene block copolymer grafted maleic anhydride was a large effect on impact strength but the modulus was reduced in addition to a small effect on tensile strength. On adding both coupling agents to the natural fiber-plastic composite, the impact strength increased, but the tensile strength was not decreased. The inclusion of organically modified montmorillonite rises the tensile modulus of natural fiber-plastic composites without decreasing the impact strength, the use of three additives gives the possibility to create natural fiber-plastic composites with high modulus and high impact strength. Keywords Nanocomposite, nanoclay, natural fiber, polypropylene, coupling agents, mechanical properties
Compression test is a mechanical test that determines how much compressive force a material to resist before cracking. A gradually applied load compresses the test item, which is commonly in the shape of a square, pyramid, or cylinder, between the platens of a compression-testing machine. Many ductile metals, such as mild steel, have extremely high compression strength, yet measuring them is challenging. Whenever a load is given to a ductile metal, it deforms elastically until it reaches a point where it deforms plastically. Rising stresses may totally flatten a test piece without causing a clear fracture, leaving no value for compressive strength to be obtained. In these instances, the custom of citing tensile-strength ratings is erroneous and safe, because hardness is always larger. The ability of a material to withstand mechanical forces when in use is an engineering field. polymer is low cost of manufacture, strength, ease of manufacturing, and adaptability, plastic and plastic composite are employed in a wide range of applications today. Injection moulding is commonly used to create plastic constructions. While the original cost of developing a cast and die for injection moulding process is significant, the cost of producing plastics ejected parts is low. As a result, molding plastic parts are used in the majority of high-volume products. Bottles, food containers, bags, clothing, piping, computers, and computer accessories are all examples of common plastic products. Food containers are made of plastics like polyethylene terephtalate (PES).
Investigating Pipeline Integrity Failure as a Result of Corrosion
The study reviewed different failure factors and data of onshore crude oil pipelines covering corrosion, external interference, structural defects, and operators’ errors. The focus of this research is to identify factors affecting failure of crude oil pipelines in Nigeria due to corrosion with analysis of failure data from 2008–2017. Corrosion (internal and external) over total length of available pipelines for each year was analysed to determine the current mean time associated with failure (MTBF) and Rocof of the pipelines that are currently existing. Constrain factors were revealed in the cause of the research, collected data were subjected into mathematical modelling to investigate for possible eradication or reduction of the discovered failures depending on the inevitability of such constrain unit. This was achieved using Homogenous Poisson process (HPP) and the Power Law Process (NHPP) in order to ascertain the best fit for the pipeline data obtained. The rate of failures estimated was discovered to be 0.330 per 100km with 1.57years estimated as Mean Time between Failure (MTBF). The analysis then assumed that the operating conditions as well as the pipeline diameters are in conformity. Based on this model, pipeline operators can adequately plan their maintenance schedules and associated capital and operating expenditures. Models for estimating pipeline failures and propelling for better maintenance decisions is then found pivotal for future safety of pipelines through applied methods for reasonable decrease in the rate of occurrence of failure and the cost effective operation of the pipeline network which is recommended to be another research focus.
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Pressure Vessel with Non-Geodesic Fiber Trajectory In view of Friction Factors on Cylinder and End Domes
Composites are materials created by dissimilar materials with a view to improve the properties or to create materials with desired properties. Progressive Fiber Polymer Composites have developed as an essential class of industrial materials for load carrying applications with well-rounded properties for many industrial and social applications. Structures like pressure vessels, pipes and motor casings made-up of Filament Winding technology are widely used in aerospace applications. Conventionally, pressure vessels were fabricated by using isotropic materials like steel and aluminum. Structures made-up of isotropic materials are not as much of efficient meanwhile the longitudinal stresses use simply half of the structure capacity but now, with the start of composites, the material might be tailored therefore more fibers are plied in the direction of high stresses. The adaptability of filament winding avoids heavy weight by tailoring the winding patterns to carry the loads. This is mostly beneficial in closed end pressure vessels where the longitudinal loads are only half that of the hoop loads. Usually Composite Pressure Vessels with closed end can be developed with Non-Geodesic paths. In this Pressure vessel friction force is required to keep the fiber from slipping. It implies that we have to resort to modified helical winding which is also called as non-geodesic winding at cylindrical portion or end domes or both. In the present study, a composite pressure vessel with a non-geodesic fiber trajectory for the entire pressure vessel is considered. The composite pressure vessel consists of composite layers with variable thickness and orientation of the fiber. The composite pressure vessel is subjected to uniform internal pressure and the conditions of thin walled structure and balanced symmetry winding pattern are adopted. The objective of the work is to develop a mathematical model for a non-geodesic fiber trajectory considering friction factors on cylinder and end domes of different contours and also to perform structural shell analysis using finite element technique to predict the behavior of the composite pressure vessel.
Transfer of waste materials, such as plastic sacks, has become a significant issue, and plastic wastes are singed for transport, causing severe environmental impact. The use of waste plastics in bituminous mixes has shown that they improve the blend's characteristics while also reducing transfer difficulties. Plastic garbage that has been separated and cleaned is sliced so that it can pass through a sieve with a size of 2 mm - 3 mm using a shredding machine. The application of this technology will not only improve road construction but will also increase road life expectancy and aid to improve environmental conditions. Plastic roads would be beneficial given India's hot and humid climate, where temperatures regularly exceed 50 degrees Celsius and downpours cause massive destruction, leaving a huge percentage of the asphalt with massive pot gaps. In our investigation, we conducted a thorough analysis of the technique for incorporating waste plastic into bitumen and aggregates, as well as displaying the results of several tests on bitumen and aggregates. This waste plastic modified bitumen blend has improved constraining properties, strength, thickness, and water resistance. Because the vast majority of India's streets are of the adaptable variety, the use of such tactics is easily adaptable on a large scale. The addition of plastic waste to bitumen grows softening point, specific gravity (then sudden shrinking is noted after reaching most extreme point), penetration value, and ductility, according to the investigations of properties of the plastic waste-mixed bitumen. Bitumen and aggregates were coated with plastic, which improved the essential qualities of both aggregates and bitumen. The present review will come about lesser road repairs and utilisation of plastic wastes will use non-biodegradable wastes.
Microstructure Dependence of Electrical Properties in AgI- and Ag2S-Doped Glass Nanocomposites
In this paper, we report the study of microstructure dependence of ion conduction for several AgI- and Ag2S-doped glasses and glass nanocomposites systems. The structure and electrical properties of these samples have been studied and the effects of formation of nanocrystalline phases on the electrical properties of these glasses are presented. The microstructure of these glasses was studied employing transmission electron microscope (TEM). The temperature dependence of dc conductivity shows an Arrhenius nature with an activated type behavior for both the AgI- and Ag2S-containing glasses. The comparative study revealed that the formation of nanocrystallites considerably influences the electrical conductivity of these glasses, the degree of influence being dependent on the glass composition and nature of dopant. Keywords: conductivity, glass, microstructure, nanocomposites
Experimental Investigation on Tensile Properties of Al6061-Graphite Particulate Composites
This paper presents the experimental work carried out on the tensile behavior of aluminium 6061 (Al 6061) graphite particulate composites. The required specimen are prepared using stir casting method with graphite proportions ranging from 3 to 12 % by weight. The mechanical behavior of Al 6061 graphite particulate composites produced using stir casting method, was investigated by conducting experiments on Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Tensile specimens were utilized for tensile testing to evaluate the tensile properties. From the experimental tensile test, ultimate tensile strength of 117.34 MPa, maximum percentage elongation of 14.48% is obtained for Al 6061–9% graphite.
Review on Natural Fiber Composites: Banana/Hemp Fiber and Its Hybrid Composites
The centuries ago usage of composites materials plays important role in industrial revolution. In ancient days Egyptians used straw as reinforcement in clay bricks to build house. With the invented of glass fiber and resins, glass fiber reinforced composites found its application in many areas. Abundance nature and moderate specific strength than most of the organic fibers, low density and biodegradable nature make the natural fiber as attractive reinforcement in polymer matrix in recent few decades. However, few drawbacks such as incompatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrix less resistant to moisture and its tendency to form aggregate during processing generally reduce the use of natural fiber in composites. In this review, the recent literature on hemp, banana, and its hybrid are summarized and discussed, mechanical properties of composites and the effect of various physical and chemical surface treatments in composites
Sensing Capabilities of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Integrated With Electrical Inserts
This paper describes the attempts made in developing a passive smart material by the integration of electrical inserts in the FRP components and studying the electrical & mechanical behavior under different loading conditions. FRPs are fabricated with copper inserts and are tested to study the resistive and capacitive behaviors of prepared specimens. FRP components are also tested for tensile, bending, compression and impact strengths to determine the effect of metal inserts. Prepared smart material is used in the Quadra-copter arms that contain a built-in sensing capabilities as well improved strength to weight ratio.
Assessment of Tensile and Hardness Property of AA5083/Nano-Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composites
Al–Mg base composites reinforced with different mixtures of nano-Al2O3 particles have been fabricated by mechanical stir casting and their metallurgical and mechanical characterization has been investigated. In this investigation, the Al2O3 particulates were reinforced into the base matrix of aluminium fabricated with five levels of volume fraction such as Al/0 vol.% Al2O3, Al/2 vol.% Al2O3, Al/4 vol.% Al2O3, Al/6 vol.% Al2O3 and Al/8 vol.% Al2O3. After the Al-base-nano-composites were fabricated by stir casting, the microstructure inside the matrix has been investigated using optical microscope. The hardness and the tensile properties of the nano-composites were evaluated at room temperature by using Vickers hardness and universal tensile testers, respectively. The result confirmed that stir cast AA5083 with uniform distribution of nano-Al2O3 particles enhances both tensile strength and hardness. With 6 wt.% of nano-Al2O3 indicating sensibly reasonably high strength by 29.53% and hardness by 24.65% when compared with matrix alloy.
Experimental evaluation of dc Conductivity of Rice Husk Reinforced Polypropylene Composites with addition of cenosphere
Insulating materials are used in electrical power circuits to prevent leakages of current. Main objective of this study is to evaluate the dc conductivity of rice husk filled polypropylene composites with and without cenosphere. The conductivity at room temperature was found to decreases from 2.64e-13 to 9.371e-14 S cm-1 with the addition of cenosphere. Dense packing of the material, collapse of pores and decreases in air gap between the rice husk and cenosphere particles could be the factors for the increase in conductivity. In case of dc conductivity of filled polymers interface interaction is the most important parameter which influences the dc conductivity of matrix and will depend on type of fillers, concentration of filler and the chemical bonding between filler and matrix. Rice Husk reinforced polypropylene composites having 20% rice husk with and without cenosphere is developed. Treated and untreated cenosphere with different concentration were loaded with chopped rice husk in polypropylene. The dc conductivity of rice husk-filled Polypropylene was studied by adding cenosphere (2, 4, 6, 8 phr) respectively in concentrations. The loading of the polypropylene with the rice husk and cenosphere decreases the dc conductivity (σdc).
Effect of Fly Ash Cenosphere on Electric Properties of Polypropylene
Present work deals with findings on electrical properties of cenosphere filled polypropylene composites. Frequency dependence of the dielectric constant (ε’) of the composite samples was carried out at ambient temperature. A theoretical model is proposed for the electrical conductivity of porous polypropylene/cenosphere composites. Role of addition of these cenosphere particles on electrical properties such as dielectric constant, tanδ, dc conductivity and ac conductivity were investigated. Increase of fly ash cenosphere has decreased the dielectric constant while dissipation factor increased and the dc conductivity decreases with increasing content of fly ash cenosphere. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data.
Compatibility of Nanobiocide as Wood Preservative with Thermosetting Resin used as Adhesive for Plywood Manufacturing
The study objective was to develop a wood preservative by nano form of Copper oxide, Zinc oxide and Copper sulphate for wood based panel products to make the system with a lesser amount of toxicity. Wood preservatives are products used for the safeguard of wood from deterioration or damage caused by detrimental organisms (for example; fungi, moulds or pests). Nanotechnology presents a notable opportunity to boost the field of wood safeguarding through executing modern and unique metal biocides with enriched properties. Nano form of Copper oxide, Zinc oxide and Copper sulphate were made by mechanical milling in the high energy planetary ball mill with 450 rpm for 12 h. From the results achieved in this study it can be concluded among the three verified preservatives the nano form of the preservatives were well-suited with the glues as compare to their soluble forms. The result also shows the bonding quality of the plywood with satisfactory limit of acceptance.
Compatibilizing Effect of Modified Polypropylene on the Properties of Polypropylene/Organically Modified Layered Silicate Nanocomposites
In the present research paper, a series of polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites containing 3, 5, and 7 wt% of an organically modified layered silicate (OM) were prepared via direct melt mixing in the presence of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (indicated as PP-g-MA, PPMA), and hexamethylenediamine-modified maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (marked as PP-g-HMDA, PPHMDA) as compatibilizing agent at concentration of 10 wt%. Subsequently the influences of the compatibilizer on the morphological, mechanical, thermal and rheological features of nanocomposites was characterized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of PP/PPHMDA/OM nanocomposites revealed that most of the swellable silicate layers were exfoliated and indiscriminately distributed in the PP matrix. Better dispersion and exfoliation state of OM was performed by adding PPHMDA instead of PPMA. PP/PPHMDA/OM nanocomposites were found to have the most continuous and uniform size. Mechanical evaluations of PP/PPHMDA/OM showed better improvement in strength, modulus, hardness, and lesser elongation at break compared to PP/PPMA/OM and PP/OM nanocomposites. The addition of compatibilizers with OM enhances the thermal features and rheological behavior of nanocomposite, with which compatibilizers impose strong interfacial interactions
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of E-glass Fiber and Epoxy Resin Hybrid Composite Material
Hybrid composites occupying the area of standard materials by satisfying the necessities of various sectors like part industries, automobile industries, ship building and numerous bio-medical sectors. the most reason to substitute standard materials is that the hybrid composites giving same or additional needed properties with less weight and value than standard materials and most output in minimal consumption with higher lifespan to seek out the economical suggests that of utilizing the technology for various applications. Mats were fancied and stratified up with rosin matrix. The laminate is factory-made exploitation hand lay-up technique followed by compression moulding. Critical properties of the fancied material like flexure, enduringness, square measure through an experiment all over and results square measure recorded. The aim of the current analysis work was experimental investigation to judge numerous mechanical properties of hybrid fiber compound composite (E-glass fiber and epoxy, Banana fibres) at totally different weight percentages with epoxy. The properties of E-glass fiber and epoxy, Banana, fibres were found to be sensible large to be used as reinforcement in composite materials. The results of the experiments were per shaped on one hundred kN servo hydraulic universal testing machine (UTM) (50% E-glass, 100% of banana fiber and therefore the four-hundredth of epoxy resin) will study associate optimum results of the composite. In water absorption take a look at C-1 (20% E-glass, four-hundredth of banana fiber and therefore the four-hundredth of epoxy resin) will observe the absorption of water. and at last experimental study the water absorption depends on amount of banana fiber
Effect of Benzyl Triphenyl Phosphonium Chloride on Crystallization, Rheological Behaviour and Electrical Properties of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Grafted Maleic Anhydride
The effect of benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride (BTPC) on polypropylene (PP) and polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) in the proportions of 0-5% by weight studied in detail. PP/BTPC and PP/PP-g-MA/BTPC composites were produced by melt processing technique using twin screw microcompounder. Change in the force inside screw barrel during melt mixing of PP based composites were recorded. The prepared composites were analysed using rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage optical microscopy to know its rheological properties and crystallization behavior. The complex viscosity of PP/BTPC composites were found lower as compare to polypropylene in all the range of frequency. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies shown slight increase in the crystallinity of PP/BTPC and polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride based PP/BTPC composites. Hot stage optical microscopy study depicted slight decrease in spherulite size with the addition of BTPC and PP-g-MA in polypropylene matrix. Dispersion of BTPC in polypropylene matrix was seen uninform. NMR study showed presence of BTPC in polypropylene matrix.
Developments of Photonic Ferroelectric Ceramic Compose
This article is a study of imposed interposed crystal allotropic modification underexposure of electricity. Ferroelectric photonic ceramic powder and films are usual studied in preparation from adoptive transduction in the same crystal based on electrical gradient. Ferroelectric ceramics and thin films used to be processed by the sol-gel method, where empirical variables of interest have been their chemical composition, constituent phases, and microstructure. Functional attributes made metal oxide compose like BaTiO3 applicable from energy harvesting to biophotonics. Cross-disciplinary approached to appliance under succeeding for socioeconomic challenges, e.g., security, cost-effective healthcare, energy savings, efficient and clean industrial production, environmental protection, and fast and efficient communications. Intelligent management of light in framework of integrated optics have studied to model, fabricate, process, and characterize optical glasses so as to involve other elemental oxides, fluorides, telluride, and boron-based glasses and films. Computed optical characterization of opal photonic crystal has subjected to field distribution inside the crystal. Studies devoted to broadband near-infrared emission of antimony-germanate glass co-doped with erbium and thulium ions to subject new glass for waveguide. Production esteem increase has spelled as justified success as developed by lithium niobate, which has considered as sensible fabrication compose for aligned features as electro-optic, piezo-electric, acousto-optic, photo-refractive, pyroelectric, and photo-voltaic effect-oriented appliance production. Tune in optoelectronic composes added superconductor composes although perform at under temperature and within the whole visible spectrum.
Study of Attenuation Coefficient of Cu, Ag & Au
The Absorption coefficient or Ultrasonic attenuation of Cu, Ag & Au at the range of 1 GHz using the calculated values of mason non-linearity parameter, ultrasonic Gruneisen parameter, thermal relaxation time and Debye average velocity along with ultrasonic wave velocity and elastic constant have been studied. This is useful to understanding the mechanism of interaction between acoustic wave and crystal lattice. The work is also beneficial to resolve various problem in ultrasonic studies. The result shows that the comparison of attenuation coefficient of metals viz Cu, Ag & Au along the different directions bring out some systematic features. It can be seen that the attenuation coefficient generally increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing Debye temperature within the different group of solids.
Fabrication and characterization of Aluminum-Granite-Graphite Metal Matrix Composite
Moving machine elements are constantly subjected to wear and tear. Machine life can be improved by using hard and wear resistant materials. Most of machine elements are made of metals or alloys. These materials alone cannot meet the requirements of design of long-life machines. Naturally occurring hard materials lack the strength to withstand the machine loads. Composite materials provide the solution to such requirements. Based on requirement, a composite material of desired quality like strength, hardness, toughness, or heat-resistance can be manufactured. Aluminum is one of most used matrix components in Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) for manufacturing wear resistant materials. Aluminum MMC applications include automotive components like pistons, cylinder liners and braking components due to high wear resistance. Granite is a widely available material. It has abrasion resistance and is chemically inert. Using Stir casting method, granite particulates along with graphite particulates are incorporated as dispersed phase into an aluminum A356 alloy matrix. Graphite is included to improve thermal resistance and provide lubrication. Two samples, one sample with 2.5% by weight of each particulate matter and another with 5%by weight are fabricated and tested. The fabricated composite exhibited significant rise in wear resistance with decreased density as the percentage of dispersed phase increased. Keywords: Density properties, granite and graphite, MMC of A356, Stir casting harness; wear
Mechanical and Barrier Properties of LLDPE-LDPE Blend Film with Micro Clay
The present study LLDPE-LDPE(50-50 wt%) were compounded with added microclay filler using silicone oil as dispersing agent by twin screw compounding. The three formulations were taken as 1%, 3%, 5% of microclay. The extruded standard has been cut into pellets by cutter. Then films were made using blown film extrusion and then tested. As the filler content increases, the flow behaviour of the film increases. Tensile strength increases upto 1% because of the reinforcing effect, after that it decreases in both machine direction and transverse direction. The Elongation at break increases upto 1% microclay after that it decreases for 3% and 5% microclay filled LLDPE-LDPE blends in machine direction. The Eb increases for all formulations in transverse direction. M/D Tear strength is higher than LLDPE-LDPE blend for all formulation because of the reinforcement effect. Similarly the tear strength in Transverse direction is also higher up to 5%. As microclay concentration is high, Burst strength is high. Burst strength is higher for 5% microclay formulation. As microclay concentration increases, drop impact strength increases upto 5%. As concentration of microclay increases the OTR and WVTR decreases. Key words: LLDPE, LDPE, Microclay, Twin screw compounding, Blown film extrusion, Mechanical and Barrier Properties tesing.
Implications of ceramic – metal matrix compose
Abstract This article summarizes some formatives over WC-metal matrix composite surfacing on hard as well soft alloys. Composite surface has coated by laser, plasma and electroplating. WC-Ni composite has prepared by plasma transferred arc welding on steel surface. Thickness achieved from several mm on small parts to thin deposits on large surfaces. Cu-substrate accorded WC-Ni laser cladded deposition. Laser deposition of WC-Ni-NiCr on stainless has increased wear and erosion under flowing saline medium. Cladding is better than other methods. Stir cast processed mutually compensating composite from additives of WC and fly ash to regard weight in density merge.Al components in IC engine prevent seizure and improve tribology of harsh weather after Ni/WC embeds deposition. Con-cast Cu-alloy mould suffers from peeling prevented after Ni/WC laser deposition. Keyword Composite, Metal, Ceramics, Wear, Tribology
Abstract Meta-materials are artificial composites designed to operate electromagnetic property. Properties of wave nature manipulation have originated fashioned fabrication. This has to perform as rigorous as subjected under adoption specific optical or microwave or acoustic provision. Fabrication has precision formof shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement of materials.Applicationof meta-materialsincludes super resolution imaging and optical as well acoustic sensing. Decay, separate and couple among as split transverse electric and magnetic to that of longitudinal wave subject plasma waves. Inclusions less than wave length embed in dielectric substrate produce meta-materials to subject negative valueamong permeability and permittivity. Keywords Metamaterials, Photonics, Metatronics, Microwave, Acoustics
A Review on Polybutadiene Rubber Composites
Rubber composites are crucial materials that obtained by the combination of two or more components i.e. rubber and filler, comprising with different fundamental properties. The composites are lighter yet stronger materials in nature with intermediate characteristics of both the initial ingredients. Polybutadiene rubber (PBR) is one of the highly produced global synthetic rubber having significant industrial applications. PBR composites showed improved physical, mechanical and thermal properties, with greater strength, resistance to heat and ageing effect over raw rubber and offered significant advantages towards various industrial applications. The research revealed that the material properties of PBR composites can be tuned by selecting the reinforcement material and also influenced by changing the combinations of PBR and filler ratio. Further, various curing process has also influenced the properties of resulting composite materials. Moreover, varying the combination of PBR matrix, reinforcing material and reaction conditions resulted novel material that meets the preferred industrial requirements towards particular applications. Therefore, PBR composites with targeted properties can be synthesized by modifying the reinforcing materials in both the qualitative and quantitative ways. In current review, different PBR composites prepared by using silica, carbon and graphene based fillers have been covered. Besides PBR, functionalized PBR such as epoxy and hydrogenated PBR based composites has also been included in this study. The effect of shape and size of filler material on properties of PBR composites has also been discussed. Further, the effect of reinforcing material on the physical and mechanical properties of PBR has been included. Keywords: Carbon, composites, filler, graphene, polybutadiene rubber, silica
In the last thirty years of composite materials, ceramics and plastics have been important emerging materials. The number of application of composite materials has been grown consistently, penetrating and winning new market requirement continuously. The composite materials forms a significant proportion of the engineered materials their worth as weight saving materials; the present aim is to make them as cost effective. This survey paper discuss about worldwide collection of natural fibers and its application. Also this paper focuss on biomaterials progress in the field of orthopedics. An effort is made to obtain the advantages given by renewable resources for the progress of bio-composite materials based on bio-epoxy resin and natural fibers such as sisalana, Musa specimen, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and its application in bone grafting substitutes. Keywords— Natural fibers: orthopedics: Bio epoxy resin: Composite materials: bone grafting
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices
Dynamic Behavior of Hybrid Unidirectional Without Cracked Composite Plate
The composite material is one of the most common materials used in engineering applications due to the wide range of properties, high strength, cheap, easy to manufacture and lightweight. Therefore, many studies and researches have been conducted and are currently being conducted to obtain the appropriate mathematical models that describe the behavior of these materials when exposed to different types of mechanical loads. A mathematical model was built by using ANSYS (2D, 3D) models to represent composite materials. The composite plate was taken as a sheet made of longitudinal fiber and resin. There are many types of fibers such as (carbon, glass, and Kevlar) and resin such as (polyester and epoxy). The volume ratio of the fibers in composite plate are (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%) in each types of resin. The effect of fiber volume fraction, types of fiber and types of resin on the equivalent longitudinal and transverse modulus of elasticity and equivalent Poisson's ratio were studied. The natural frequencies were calculated for all types of composite plates with simply support from each edge (SSSS). Keywords: Dynamic, Composite plate, Hybrid Unidirectional, Composite materials, ANSYS
Mechanical characterization of hybrid natural fibre composites developed through compression moulding process
Increasing environmental concerns these days due to excessive consumption of fossil-fuel products have impacted our atmosphere, which has led several researchers to work in the field of polymer composites reinforced by natural fibres. In this research, the emphasis is on developing the completely biodegradable green composites using polylactic acid (PLA) as a matrix and reinforcement with jute and sisal fiber by compression molding method and effect of various parameters on various mechanical properties have been studied. In addition, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to examine the failure process of the examined specimens. Keywords: Sisal, Jute, Hybrid, Green composites, compression molding
Calculate the natural frequencies with Cracked for Hybrid Unidirectional Composite Plate
A mathematical model was built by using ANSYS (2D, 3D) models and MATLAB to represent composite materials. The natural frequencies were calculated for type of composite plates with of boundary conditions clamped from each edge (CCCC). In the vibration analysis, the finite element and MATLAB results showed there was an increase in the first, second and third natural frequencies by increasing the volumetric fraction of the fiber.In the cracked plate, there was slightly decrease in the first, second, and third natural frequencies with increase of the volumetric fraction of fiber in 2D ANSYS simulation while there was no effect of Crack Relative Length on the natural frequencies simulated by 3D ANSYS simulation at different values of fiber volume fraction. Rather than, there was a good convergence between 2D and 3D simulation compared with MATLAB analysis when the Boundary Conditions is CCCC. Keywords: 2D ANSYS, 3D ANSYS, MATLAB, Composite plates, Hybrid unidirectional
The advanced composite materials production by new method using the process of vibro-turbulization
Typically, the methods of composite materials production, such as epoxy bases, include preparing a binder by mixing a hardener, a solvent and an epoxy resin, infusing a fibrous or powder filler with a binder, and hardening by heating under pressure. These methods do not permit to reach the main goal of the production of advanced composite materials with a basis (matrix) filled by uniformly dvistributed fibrous or powder filler (armoured element), having high strength and rigidity. The paper presents the new development method of advanced composite materials production, in which this main goal is achieved by using the process of vibro - turbulization.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Tube
Abstract – In many industries, composite tubes are preferable than other materials, like, aluminum, steel, wood, iron. The durability, strength, stiffness, weather and corrosion resistance of the tubes are required properties in industries. It is fabricated in several layers depending on their functions. In this study, composite tube is modeled using ANSYS software by changing material properties and layer orientation. ANSYS can predict results before fabricating composite sample. The meshed model is set up with point load and uniform load with constraints. Due to the loads, the tube gets deformed. The deformed and undeformed configurations are analyzed from the simulations through Von Mises plots. It is found that uniformly loaded hoop has greatest displacement. Keywords – Composite tube, material properties, layer orientation, Von Mises plots.
Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Banana and Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Abstract Present research aims at finding out better fiber reinforcement for low cost and eco-friendly polymer matrix composite. Polypropylene was chosen as a matrix, while jute and banana fiber were chosen as reinforcement. Composites were prepared by using a hot press machine. Fiber loading was varied at 0, 4 and 8 volume%. Both raw jute and banana fiber was chemically treated with 5 wt% sodium carbonate and composites were also prepared with 4% treated jute and banana fiber. Tensile, flexural, hardness tests and thermogravimertric analysis of prepared composites were subsequently conducted. Mechanical properties and thermal stability increased with increase in fiber loading and sodium carbonate treatment. 8% fiber reinforced composite provided the best set of mechanical and thermal properties, while banana fiber reinforced polypropylene composites had slightly better properties as compared to jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Keywords: Banana Fiber; Jute fiber; Polypropylene Composite; Mechanical Properties; TGA.
Composite materials are preferable in many applications of engineering than their metallic equivalent. These materials provide desirable characteristics and required properties for specific design and testing. In orthotropic fiber composites, the fiber orientation dictates the material properties, because the properties can be built into the laminate during fabrication. In this study, a composite laminate is tested with a specific configuration whether it would fail or survive under specific load. If Tsai Wu index is more than one, the composite layers would fail. Training data set is developed by Finite Element analysis of the composite laminate layers. This training set is used as the input of Fuzzy system MLFE and RLS. Classical lamination theory used to develop a data set to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy system. Keywords – Composite laminate, composite lamina, strength index, failure criteria.
Experimental Optimization of Process Parameters for Tape Wound Composite Cylindrical Shells by using Taguchi Method
The purpose of this paper is to design and construct laminated composite cylindrical shells. Tape wound layup method is implemented for the preparation of composite laminated shells by E-glass fiber mat and Epoxy resin as adhesive. The shells were made by considering two parameters p1-diameter of mandrel and parameter p2- stacking sequence. As per the L9 orthogonal array the required diameter and stacking sequence was arranged. The composite shells were fabricated by winding the mats on circular mandrel made up of PVC. These shells after drying up were removed from the mandrel, and buckling test and radial tensile test were conducted. The results were analyzed by Mean response, S/N ratio of both tests. And concluded that when the diameter of mandrel is small, buckling strength and Radial tensile strengths were more. And when the diameter increases the buckling strength and radial tensile strength both were decreased. And when hoop layers and helical layers were separately wounded i.e., 90/90/90 and 45/45/45 the buckling strength is less as compared to combination of Hoop and Helical layers. Whereas the radial tensile strength is more for all the layers are Hoop i.e, 90/90/90. Confirmation test was carried out on optimized process parameters. Confirmation test shows the maximum strengths for both buckling test ang Radial tensile test.
Emerging Smart Materials: Recent Development in Self-healing Elastomers
Smart materials based on olefins, diolefins, renewable materials and others reactive monomers are witnessing a rapid growth across different applications sectors such as electronics, health care, automotive, textile, building, construction, agriculture & Energy. Materials development is currently moving at high pace both in academia and in industry due to their diverse commercial potential and beneficial merit for the society. Self – healing elastomers have emerged as high potential materials among different class of smart materials capable of healing damage by itself fully or partially leading to prevention of failure. The cause of material damage can be thermal, mechanical, chemical and /or combination of these factors leading to catastrophic failure of the product. The self - healing characteristic enhances the safety of the products and extend their lifetime. Key words: Damage repair, Elastomer, Microcapsule, Self-Healing, Smart Material
Synthesis , Characterization and Biological Activity of Schiff base Derived from Sulphanilamide and Salicylaldehyde and Its Metal Complexes
ABSTRACT : Schiff bases are important intermediates for the synthesis of various bioactive compounds. However, various studies have shown that Schiff bases derived from biologically active ingredients present in medicinal plants are more effective in biological and medicinal activity than in its pure form. In this paper K(I), Ni (II), Mg (II), Cd (II) and Pb(II) Complexes were synthesized from Schiff bases derived from sulphanilamide and Salicylaldehyde. The ligand and their complexes were characterized by powder XRD, SEM and Larvicidal studies. Also the synthesized ligand and their metal complexes have been screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus Sp., E-Coli, K-Pneumonia, Staphylococus aureus Pseudomonas auruginosa and against various fungi like C. albican, A.niger and A.flavus. Results revealed that the complexes showed enhanced activity than their corresponding ligand.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff base metal complexes derived from Ampicillin with Vanillin
ABSTRACT: Metal -drug complexes compounds are more popular nowadays due to their greater biological activity than uncompleted legends of some drugs. However various studies have shown that Schiff base derived from biologically active ingredients present in natural materials in its pure form. In this paper K(I), Pb(II), Sr(II), Co(III), and Ba(II) complexes were synthesized from Schiff base derived from ampicillin and vanillin. The ligand and metal complexes have been screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus Sp, E-Coli, K-Pneumonia, Staphylococus aureus, Pseudomonas auruginosa and against fungal activities. Result revealed moderate change comparing the ligand.
The uniform fully dense ceramics processing
Primary task in the process of advanced ceramics production is ceramic mixture with the uniform distribution of the densities of the components of this mixture. One of the stages of the process of advanced ceramics production the mixing is main instrument for the solution of this task. The existing methods of mixing do not permit in the sufficient form to produce uniform fully dense ceramics. This paper represents the application of vibration influence on the components of ceramic mixture in the regime of the process of vibroturbulization for preparing ceramic mixture with the uniform distribution of the densities of these components during of the mixing stage of whole process of ceramics production that permits to produce the advanced ceramics.
3D printing of polymers by fused deposition modeling (FDM): filament ink to composite materials
3D printing technology has gained significant attention for its rapid manufacturing of on-demand customized objects from digital computer-aided design (CAD) model without need molds or machining. Polymers are the most utilize a class of commercial materials in additive manufacturing (AM) because of excellent physico-mechanical properties with desired objects. Fused deposition modeling is the filament based printing process which most widely popular for commercial thermoplastics polymer than other manufacturing techniques because of its extremely low cost, facile manipulation and possible to use from industry to public sector. This short review focuses on the only FDM printing process for engineering polymers and its composite. The physical states of the polymer such as melted filament play an important role in this printing process and also the properties of desired objects. The major challenges for the further extent of this FDM technology are accurate prototyping, multi-material parts, robust and real end-use products. Keywords: FDM Printing; Thermoplastic polymer; Polymer composites; Potential risks and challenges
Strain Based Approach to the Fatigue Evolution Modeling of Concrete under Tension-Tension Loading
Abstract: Strain based Approach to the Fatigue Evolution Modeling of Concrete under Uniaxial Tension-Tension Loading plays a very important role in the evaluation of the material properties of concrete utilizing strain analysis methods, the nonlinear fatigue strain evolution model is proposed, and the hypothesis of recycle ratio related fatigue strain amplitude causes stiffness degradation and inelastic deformation is briefly described which are the essential material properties of concrete. This paper presents Fatigue Strain based Approach to the Damage evolution Model of concrete and also another model in strain space is developed by using the general framework of interior variable theory of continuum thermodynamics. It is argued that within the damage outward of given strain states the unloading-reloading cycles (fatigue loading) stimulate the nucleation and growth microcracks in concrete, which will result in stiffness reductions and plastic deformation, and hence material is termed as damaged. The evolution curves of fatigue strain modulus have three stages, namely, variation phase, linear change stage, and convergence stage. The fatigue strain evolution curve in figure is from the lower left corner to the upper right corner and in another Model damage is reflected through the fourth-order stiffness parameters through the consistency equations related to cycle dependent damage in strain based modelling. The model is capable of predicting stiffness degradation, inelastic deformation and strength reduction under fatigue loading and compared against experimental results. Keywords: Strain based approach; fatigue evolution; stiffness degradation; fatigue strain; Thermodynamics; damage, response tensors.
Sliding wear behavior of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY-WC based composite coatings on AA5083 alloy
WC based coatings was deposited by thermal spray process have been extensively used in industrial application to counter abrasive type of wear. In this study, for the first time NiCrAlY-WC based composite coatings were deposited on AA5083 substrate by plasma sprayed coating technique. The composite coatings were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness. Sliding wear behavior of coated and uncoated samples was carried out on pin-on-disc tribometer as per ASTM standards G99-05 by varying loads (10, 15 and 20 N), sliding distance and sliding velocity were kept constant. The results show that the high level of porosity, crack formation across the coating thickness and improved hardness. The wear resistance was increased for coated sample, irrespective of applied load. Analysis of worn surface of coated samples tested under normal loads of 10, 15 and 20 N suggest that gradual transition of adhesive to delamination type of mild wear. Whereas, uncoated samples exhibit ploughing are predominant at lower loads and severe metal flow at higher loads. Keywords: Plasma sprayed coatings, AA5083, sliding wear behavior, NiCrAlY, WC.
Hydraulic Flushing Flux Enhancement Techniques in Membrane Separation Processes: A mini Review
Looking into current scenario of the wastewater generated from the allied industries which leads researcher and industry persons to reclaim the water to certain extent. Conventional methods removes the pollutants and toxics to maximum level but quality of water is the must requirement for the industries to work efficiently. Membrane separation processes play vital role in rectifying the conventional method by replacing them to some extent or by hybrid mixture. This mini article is the overview of flushing techniques(back flushing) in membrane separation processes (NF,MF,UF,RO) which can be applied to mitigate the fouling phenomena and recover the maximum permeate flux at lower operating parameters and conditions. This article is breakthrough short description of flushing technique (some systems) along with factors affecting it and preventative measures to be taken.
Three body Abrasive wear behavior of A356 Aluminum alloy in different Solution treated condition
In the present study, solution treatment of A356 Al alloy was carried out in three different ways namely T4-Solution Treatment – TB Condition, T5-Precipitation (Ageing) – TE Condition and T6-Solution Treatment and Precipitation Hardening – TF Conditions. Three body abrasive tests were carried out for all the solution treated samples as well as base metal. The influence of the heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear resistance behaviour of the alloy under varying load and different sliding distances were investigated. T6 treated samples shows better wear resistance, increased hardness compared to other samples. Keywords: Heat treatment, Abrasive wear, Abrasion resistance, Hardness
INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN BLANKING USING ANSYS EXPLICIT DYNAMICS
The shearing process such as the blanking of sheet metals has been used often to prepare work pieces for subsequent forming operations. In the current literature it prescribes a model investigation of the effect of process parameters influencing the blanking process on the part edge quality of blanked parts. The blanking process model, simulation and optimization are carried out by using CATIA V5R20, explicit dynamics with ANSYS package. The objective of the present work is to analyze the blanking process for different sheet materials, percentage of punch-die clearances, sheet thickness and punch fillets. The results of computer simulations can be used to forecast quality of the final parts optimization.
Mechanical Behavior and Model Fitness of the Natural Fiber Composite: A Study on Orange Peel and Charcoal Composite
In this paper, orange peel with charcoal in addition with epoxy resin composite is tested for the behavior of mechanical properties. The results depicted that the best hardness, thickness, tractable flexural are getting for the material organized with the 20 % of weight sustained orange strip epoxy composite. The obtained results were also tested for regression analysis for validate the experimental data for assessment of model fitness. Keywords: natural composite fiber, orange peel, charcoal, epoxy resin, regression analysis.
Thermal Analysis of I.C. Engine Poppet Valve Using FEM: A Review
Abstract: Inlet and outlet valves in I.C. Engines are referred to as poppet valves. These valves are operated by the valve mechanism. When these valves are uncovered to the heat thermal stresses are evolved in order that thermal evaluation is very important to predicting and stopping failures in valves. The foremost position of the valve train is to ensure the gases change manner for all the engine speeds. The valve tools mechanism of an I.C. Engine consists of these components which actuate the inlet and exhaust valves at the required time with admire to the location of piston and crankshaft. The aim of this study is to research, beneath excessive going for walks situations, the thermochemical conduct of various valves a good way to evaluate their overall performance and balance, also to discover any compromising weakness on them. In this study the examination is finished via considering about precise material used for poppet valve manufacturing and the thermal behavior of the identical in pressure circumstance evaluation of different shapes with specific material of valve. Keywords: Poppet valve, FEM, ANSYS, Valve mechanism, Internal combustion engine
Short Review on the Classification of Micromixers
Miniaturisation of micron-scale devices produces advantages in analytical chemistry and life science. Micromixers are being used in modern microfluidic systems to facilitate the laboratory-scale operation in small microchips towards the production of microfluidic laboratory-on-a-chip systems for global-market. Polymers are proved to be suitable materials for the fabrication of micromixers. Passive micromixers have the advantage of simple designs and low cost of fabrication. Micromixers have the applications in analytical chemistry and life science.
Behavior and Comparison of Mixture of High Strength Concrete (M45) and Super Plasticizers (SP 430)
The aim of this paper is to study the High Strentgh Concrete of mix design M45 with P.P.C, O.P.C and compare the Mechanical Properties. Admixures have been used for generating High Strength Concrete and optimum dosage. Comparative studies of High Strentgh Concrete using P.P.C, O.P.C and by using 0.5%, and 1% of Super Plasticizer (S.P 430) with O.P.C. KEYWORDS: High Strength Concrete, Mechanical Properties, Super Plasticizer-430, PPC,OPC.
A Systematic study on Clayey Soil fortified with Polyester (Recron -3S) Fibres
A technique to improve the engineering characteristics of soil is called as soil fortification/reinforcement. The former use of natural fibers to reinforce or fortify soil is a conventional idea. Consequently, randomly distribution of fiber has recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering for the second time to reinforced soils. The aim of this project is to identify a synthetic fiber to enhance the shear strength and bearing capacity of a cohesive soil. In this project, analysis of the reinforced soil and determination of the optimum reinforcement in terms of fiber’s content and length by conducting Proctor Density Test and Direct Shear Test. Key words: Stabilisation, Soil Reinforcement
Fibre reinforced polymers for compressed hydrogen storage vessels: An overview
Fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) represent an interesting class of composite materials that is gaining importance in the fabrication of various mechanical components as a substitute for metals and alloys, particularly lightweight and high strength pressure vessels for compressed gas storage. They are an important component of hydrogen energy system for vehicular applications, where compact and safe on-board storage of hydrogen gas as a fuel at high pressures of up to 700 bar in pressure vessels will be required. This work briefly summarizes the types of FRPs currently in use, manufacturing technology for FRP pressure vessels, the important mechanical properties and machining technologies relevant for compressed gas storage vessels and the problems and prospects associated with this novel material of construction Alkaline water electrolysis; process economics; sustainable hydrogen; renewable energy; Indian scenario; production cost
A Mini Review on Properties and Application of Composite Materials
This study demonstrates the need of composite materials over common materials. Using different molding methods, composite components are manufactured in different sectors. The primary advantage of composite is lightweight, relative stiffness and strength properties. The key concepts of composites are its physical properties, material properties, tooling, design, inspection and repair. Military vehicles, such as airplanes, helicopters, and rockets, placed a premium on high-strength, light-weight materials. While the metallic components that had been used up to that point certainly did the job in terms of mechanical properties, the heavy weight of such components was prohibitive. Polymer industries were quickly growing and tried to expand the market of plastics to a variety of applications. The emergence of new, light-weight polymers from development laboratories offered a possible solution for a variety of uses, provided something could be done to increase the mechanical properties of plastics.
An Evaluation of Cracks Repairing Techniques in Metals
Cracks are surface that develop in a material. Dissemination energy derived from mechanical, thermal, chemical, and metallurgical effects, or a grouping of these may affect crack beginning and growth. Numerous types of cracks exist in metals and can be characterized as grinding, solidification, cooling, crater, machining tears, plating, centerline, pickling, heat treatment, fatigue, creep, stress corrosion and hydrogen cracks. Cracks can grow and lead to complete fracture of the component posing significant threats to component life and may lead to serious injuries or loss of life. Brittle fracture in metals occurs with little or no visible warning. Discovery of any cracks warrants immediate interventions to arrest the cracks before they propagate to the point of fracture. Numerous crack recognition and repair techniques in metals have been developed, categorized and certified through examination. This paper presents the repair techniques of cracks in metals.
Ceramic materials often exhibit a combination of useful physical and mechanical properties, including high refractoriness, but their applications are restricted due to their brittle behaviour; in an attempt to improve the strength, and particularly the toughness, of brittle ceramics particle-strengthening and fibre-reinforcement have been utilized, with limited success. The factors which affect the mechanical properties of these composite systems are discussed, and the various experimental systems that have been investigated are reviewed. It is concluded that, although the potential applications of such materials are extremely diverse, several important aspects, particularly the effect that matrix microcracking may have on the mechanical and thermal stability of reinforced-ceramic systems, must be fully evaluated before ceramic-matrix composites can seriously be considered as useful replacements for more conventional materials.
Status of Composite Materials in Automobile Sector
Composite materials may someday have big advantages over steel in automobile manufacturing. Composites are being considered to make lighter, safer and more fuel-efficient vehicles. A composite is composed of a high-performance fiber (such as carbon or glass) in a matrix material (epoxy polymer) that when combined provides enhanced properties compared with the individual materials by themselves. Carbon-fiber composites weigh about one-fifth as much as steel, but are as good or better in terms of stiffness and strength. They also do not rust or corrode like steel or aluminum, and they could significantly increase vehicle fuel economy by reducing vehicle weight by as much as 60 percent.
Market Assessment of Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymeric composition compound with a plasticizer or very low proportion of pigment or processing aids are nonordinary consider as a composition the goal is to improve strength stiffness or toughness or dimensional stability by embedding particles in matrix or binding phase. Polymer-matrix composites are valued in the aerospace industry for their stiffness, lightness, and heat resistance. They are fabricated materials in which carbon or hydrocarbon fibres (and sometimes metallic strands, filaments, or particles) are bonded together by polymer resins in either sheet or fibre-wound form. Chief among the advantages of PMCs is their light weight coupled with high stiffness and strength along the direction of the reinforcement. This combination is the basis of their usefulness in aircraft, automobiles, and other moving structures. Other desirable properties include superior corrosion and fatigue resistance compared to metals. Because the matrix decomposes at high temperatures, however, current PMCs are limited to service temperatures below about 600°F (316°C).
Polymeric composition compound with a plasticizer or very low proportion of pigment or processing aids are nonordinary consider as a composition the goal is to improve strength stiffness or toughness or dimensional stability by embedding particles in matrix or binding phase.
An Efficient and Simple Higher Order of Shear Deformation Theory for Static and Free Vibration of Laminated Composite Plates
In the present study, the static and free vibration of laminated composite plates is examined by using a refined shear deformation theory and developed for a bending analysis of orthotropic laminated composite plates. These models take into account the parabolic distribution of transverse shear stresses and satisfy the condition of zero shear stresses on the top and bottom surfaces of the plates. The most interesting feature of this theory is that it allows for parabolic distributions of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness and satisfies the conditions of zero shear stresses at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. The quantity of independent unknowns in the present theory is four, as against five in other shear deformation theories. In the investigation, the condition of motion for simply supported thick laminated rectangular plates is obtained through the use of Hamilton’s principle. The accuracy of the analysis presented is demonstrated by comparing the results with solutions derived from other higher-order models and with data found in the literature. The theory proposed is not only accurate, but also efficient in predicting the natural frequencies of laminated composite plates.
Effect of Addition of Phosphates on Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Phenolic and Amino Bonded Wood Composite
Properties of flame retardant molecule board made by treating the molecule (crowded deltoids) with mono ammonium hosphate/diammonium phosphate (MAP/DAP) creation were examined. Two convergences of (0, 1, and 2%) of flame retardants ere joined to the particles on broiler dry weight of the particles. Melamine Urea Formaldehyde tar (MUF) and phenol formaldehyde pitch (PF) were utilized to produce the exploratory boards. The fire retardancy and warm strength of the composites was contemplated by utilizing restricting oxygen file test (LOI) and thermogravimetric investigation (TGA), separately. The fire retardant molecule board, tests have been tried for flame retardancy according to Indian standard May be: 5509/IS 1734(part-3) for combustibility, and rate of consuming tests. Physical and mechanical properties of the board were assessed according to the standard May be: 3087.The fire retardancy of the samples indicated time duration higher than the required for the fire retardant test as per IS: 5509 with increased LOI values for PF bonded boards. TGA studies confirmed the thermal stability of the particle board. The study indicates that the addition of fire retardant chemicals by particle treatment depends on the percentage level and also the type of adhesive used to make wood composite to yield excellent fire properties without deteriorating the physical and mechanical properties of the boards.
Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate with Various Boundary Condition Using FEM
The vibration analysis of laminated composite plates is analyzed using finite element method. A suitable finite element model is proposed and developed based on first order shear deformation theory using ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) code. The model has been developed using an appropriate eight node isoparametric element (SHELL281) from the ANSYS element library. In this paper Numerical results have been computed for the effect of material properties, thickness ratio of plate, different boundary conditions, different aspect ratio, and different angle of fiber orientation of laminated composite plate. The analysis for rectangular plate is carried out for thickness (h/b= 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) and different aspect ratios (a/b=1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5). The problem of free vibration analysis of composite square plates having material properties (E11/E22= 10, 20, 30 and 40) is also considered. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are compared for different boundary condition. Comparisons are made with the result for thin and thick composite laminated plate.
Experimental Analysis on the Characteristics of Gas Turbine Blade Materials
Gas turbine technology is gaining importance and has become viable option in most of the applications in view of depleting fossil fuels. Material research has widened the scope and life of gas turbines with improved performance. Present work experimentally studies about the characteristics of different materials that can be used in gas turbines and in particular, turbine/compressor blades. Nickel, Titanium and steel alloys of different metal compositions are selected. Hardness test is performed and index is compared. Metallurgical microscope is used for studying the grain structure. Surface roughness test is carried out after grinding and the values of Ra and Rz are compared. Later, heat treatment is carried out and tests are done after the heat treatment as well. Study reveals that suitable alloy can be identified ensuring safer and long withstanding of gas turbine components and blades giving more options in order to meet future power generation requirement.
Effect of Some Physical Properties on the Swelling Behaviour of Biomass Membranes
The membranes of Detarium microcarpum seeds (DMS) and Alfzelia africana seeds (AAS) were developed. The water uptake capacities for DMS and AAS were found to be 500% and 390% respectively. The percentage of water uptake by Detarium microcarpum membrane and Alfzelia africana membrane, both increased with increased in the concentration of DMS and AAS as well as pH. The effect of contact time on water uptake showed that the water uptake increases gradually from 30 minutes to 2 hours and rapidly from 2 hours to 4 hours which mark the saturation point of the bio-sorbent. The water uptake of both membranes decreased with increase in ionic strength and temperature. This study revealed that Alfzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum membranes have high water uptake capacities, therefore, the study presents both DMS and AAS plant seeds as potential bio-sorbents for industrial use.
Sugar Manufacturing and Process Performance Analysis- A study
ABSTRACT Sugar is one of the most desirous commodity in every part of the world. It production requires a lot of planning from crop to final product development. In the present work it is analysed that sugar production is passed through a lot energy intensive processes. These energy intensive processes are necessary at every level of sugar production. Therefore, to plan any energy conservation policy it is rudiment to understand all these processes. Technology is making its way through human development with new inventions in science and engineering. A lot of new inventions are taking place day by day. The parameters to evaluate process performance are also numerous. These parameters may be inter-reliant or independent. Therefore, performance analysis of sugar manufacturing makes it necessary to look into the performance parameters and their interdependence so that their role in technology development may be fully understood.