Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

A REVIEW ON ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED)-AN INNOVATIVE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

Aqsa Tehseen, Tahir Iqbal, Saliha Bibi, Almas Bashir

Abstract


In the vast field of display technology, Organic light emitting diode is a new and inspiring invention. The principle on which it operates, is a process in which electrical energy changes to light energy and is termed as electroluminescence. At first, small and thin light emitting diode display invented, used for the digital display of numbers. Then, cathode ray tubes came which are being used now, however CRT have certain demerits like bulkiness and requirement of large occupation area. After this, Liquid crystal display came into existence, which is easier to handle in comparison with CRTs, even though LCDs are not able to provide display that can be viewed from different directions. To overcome the problems related to other displays, OLED is preferred. They have many advantages as compared to other displays, because they have a simple fabrication process, require no backlight, consume less power and provides large viewing angle. Because of less power consumption, they offer maximum efficiency and helps in minimizing the electric and heat intrusions. But they have many limitations as well, which restrict them from their use in many other applications. This review paper focuses on structure of OLED, it’s working, manufacturing process, color generation, comparison with other displays, merits, demerits and applications. Keywords Organic light emitting diode, Light emitting diode, Organic molecules, Liquid crystal display

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bolto, B. A., McNeill, R., & Weiss, D. (1963). Electronic conduction in polymers. III. Electronic properties of polypyrrole. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 16(6), 1090-1103.

Braun, D., & Heeger, A. J. (1991). Visible light emission from semiconducting polymer diodes. Applied Physics Letters, 58(18), 1982-1984.

Burroughes, J. H., Bradley, D. D., Brown, A., Marks, R., Mackay, K., Friend, R. H., et al. (1990). Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. nature, 347(6293), 539.

Chen, C.-W., Lu, Y.-J., Wu, C.-C., Wu, E. H.-E., Chu, C.-W., & Yang, Y. (2005). Effective connecting architecture for tandem organic light-emitting devices. Applied Physics Letters, 87(24), 241121.

Cho, T.-Y., Lin, C.-L., & Wu, C.-C. (2006). Microcavity two-unit tandem organic light-emitting devices having a high efficiency. Applied physics letters, 88(11), 111106.

Chou, W.-Y., Lin, S.-T., Cheng, H.-L., Chang, M.-H., Guo, H.-R., Wen, T.-C., et al. (2007). Polymer light-emitting diodes with thermal inkjet printed poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrenesulfonate as transparent anode. Thin Solid Films, 515(7-8), 3718-3723.

Crispin, X., Geskin, V., Crispin, A., Cornil, J., Lazzaroni, R., Salaneck, W. R., et al. (2002). Characterization of the interface dipole at organic/metal interfaces. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(27), 8131-8141.

D'Andrade, B. W., & Forrest, S. R. (2004). White organic light‐emitting devices for solid‐state lighting. Advanced Materials, 16(18), 1585-1595.

Dhyani, G., & Bisht, N. (2016). A REVIEW PAPER ON: STUDY OF ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

Fukuda, M., Sawada, K., Morita, S., & Yoshino, K. (1991). Novel characteristics of conducting poly (9-alkylfluorene), poly (9, 9-dialkylfluorene) and poly (1, 10-bis (9′-alkylfluorenyl) alkane). Synthetic Metals, 41(3), 855-858.

Geffroy, B., Le Roy, P., & Prat, C. (2006). Organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technology: materials, devices and display technologies. Polymer International, 55(6), 572-582.

Godlewski, J., & Obarowska, M. (2007). Organic light emitting devices. Opto-Electronics Review, 15(4), 179-183.

Günes, S., Neugebauer, H., & Sariciftci, N. S. (2007). Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells. Chemical reviews, 107(4), 1324-1338.

Hatwar, T., Spindler, J., & Van Slyke, S. (2006). High performance tandem OLEDs for large area full color AM displays and lighting applications. 한국정보디스플레이학회: 학술대회논문집.

Helfrich, W., & Schneider, W. (1965). Recombination radiation in anthracene crystals. Physical Review Letters, 14(7), 229.

Hosokawa, C., Fukuoka, K., Kawamura, H., Sakai, T., Kubota, M., Funahashi, M., et al. (2004). 17.1: Invited Paper: Improvement of Lifetime in Organic Electroluminescence. Paper presented at the SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers.

Hu, W., Manabe, K., Furukawa, T., & Matsumura, M. (2002). Lowering of operational voltage of organic electroluminescent devices by coating indium-tin-oxide electrodes with a thin CuO x layer. Applied physics letters, 80(15), 2640-2641.

Huang, J., Pfeiffer, M., Werner, A., Blochwitz, J., Leo, K., & Liu, S. (2002). Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures. Applied Physics Letters, 80(1), 139-141.

Hung, L., & Chen, C. (2002). Recent progress of molecular organic electroluminescent materials and devices. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 39(5-6), 143-222.

Hwang, J., Amy, F., & Kahn, A. (2006). Spectroscopic study on sputtered PEDOT· PSS: role of surface PSS layer. Organic electronics, 7(5), 387-396.

Hwang, J., Kim, E.-G., Liu, J., Bredas, J.-L., Duggal, A., & Kahn, A. (2007). Photoelectron spectroscopic study of the electronic band structure of polyfluorene and fluorene-arylamine copolymers at interfaces. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(3), 1378-1384.

Islam, A., Rabbani, M., Bappy, M. H., Miah, M. A. R., & Sakib, N. (2013). A review on fabrication process of organic light emitting diodes. Paper presented at the 2013 2nd International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV 2013).

Jabbour, G., Shaheen, S., Morrell, M., Kippelen, B., Armstrong, N., & Peyghambarian, N. (1999). Aluminum Composite Cathodes A new Method for the Fabrication of Efficient and Bright Organic Light-emitting Devices. Optics and Photonics News, 10(4), 24-27.

Kalinowski, J. (1999). Electroluminescence in organics. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 32(24), R179.

Kalinowski, J. (2005). Emission Mechanisms in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, Organic Electroluminescence: Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.

Kalinowski, J., Godlewski, J., & Signerski, R. (1976). Electroluminescence in tetracene crystals. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 33(3-4), 247-259.

Katsuki, K., Kawakami, A., Ogino, K., Tanaka, K., & Usui, H. (2005). Preparation of carbazole polymer thin films by electron-assisted deposition of 3-(N-carbazolyl) propyl acrylate. Japanese journal of applied physics, 44(6R), 4182.

Kaur, P., & Singh, H. NEW ERA IN SOLID STATE LIGHTING: ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED).

Kim, J., Cacialli, F., Cola, A., Gigli, G., & Cingolani, R. (1999). Increase of charge carriers density and reduction of Hall mobilities in oxygen-plasma treated indium–tin–oxide anodes. Applied physics letters, 75(1), 19-21.

Kovac, J., Peternai, L., & Lengyel, O. (2003). Advanced light emitting diodes structures for optoelectronic applications. Thin Solid Films, 433(1-2), 22-26.

Kraft, A., Grimsdale, A. C., & Holmes, A. B. (1998). Electroluminescent conjugated polymers—seeing polymers in a new light. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 37(4), 402-428.

Kulkarni, A. P., Tonzola, C. J., Babel, A., & Jenekhe, S. A. (2004). Electron transport materials for organic light-emitting diodes. Chemistry of materials, 16(23), 4556-4573.

Lee, D.-H., Choi, J., Chae, H., Chung, C.-H., & Cho, S. (2009). Screen-printed white OLED based on polystyrene as a host polymer. Current Applied Physics, 9(1), 161-164.

Miyata, S., & Nalwa, H. (1999). Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices 1997 (Gordon and Breach: Amsterdam);(b) a special issue on molecular materials in electronics and opto-electronic devices. Acc. Chem. Res, 32, 191.

Parthasarathy, G., Burrows, P., Khalfin, V., Kozlov, V., & Forrest, S. (1998). A metal-free cathode for organic semiconductor devices. Applied Physics Letters, 72(17), 2138-2140.

Patel, B., & Prajapati, M. (2014). OLED: a modern display technology. Interof Sci Res Pub, 4, 1-5.

Pope, M., Kallmann, H., & Magnante, P. (1963). Electroluminescence in organic crystals. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 38(8), 2042-2043.

Salleh, M. M., Hasnan, T., Azis, T., Sepeai, S., & Yahaya, M. (2007). Fabrication of organic light emitting diodes (oleds) for flat panel displays. Berkala Ilmiah MIPA, 17(3).

Shaheen, S. E., Radspinner, R., Peyghambarian, N., & Jabbour, G. E. (2001). Fabrication of bulk heterojunction plastic solar cells by screen printing. Applied Physics Letters, 79(18), 2996-2998.

Tang, C. W. (1982). Organic electroluminescent cell: Google Patents.

Tang, C. W., Chen, C. H., & Goswami, R. (1988). Electroluminescent device with modified thin film luminescent zone: Google Patents.

Tang, C. W., & VanSlyke, S. A. (1987). Organic electroluminescent diodes. Applied physics letters, 51(12), 913-915.

Tang, C. W., VanSlyke, S. A., & Chen, C. (1989). Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films. Journal of Applied Physics, 65(9), 3610-3616.

Tekin, E., Smith, P. J., & Schubert, U. S. (2008). Inkjet printing as a deposition and patterning tool for polymers and inorganic particles. Soft Matter, 4(4), 703-713.

Usui, H. (2009). Formation of polymer thin films and interface control by physical vapor deposition. Paper presented at the Nanostructured Thin Films II.

Wagner, S., Cheng, I.-C., Kattamis, A. Z., Cannella, V., & Hong, Y. (2006). Flexible stainless steel substrates for a-Si display backplanes. Paper presented at the Proceedings of IDRC Symposium.

Xie, W., Hou, J., & Liu, S. (2003). Blue and white organic light-emitting diodes based on 4, 4′-bis (2, 2′ diphenyl vinyl)-1, 1′-biphenyl. Semiconductor science and technology, 18(7), L42.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.